CASE 6 - SHELF E
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-THIRD
STATE EXHIBITS
presenting to the reader the sectional exhibits of the west and those of the Pacific slope,
I will begin with the state of Illinois, whose elaborate display, together with those of Iowa,
Kansas, California, Washington, Idaho, and others is among the features of the Exposition,
forming, as it were, a fair within a fair, though on a minor scale as compared with what
buildings and
exhibits those
three acres, or about the
nearly twice the amount
each has to show in the main departments. Of all the state
of Illinois are by far the largest, with a floor space of more than
same as in the Woman’s building adjacent, costing, moreover,
expended on the latter.
Occupying one of the choicest sites in the northern portion of the grounds, the Illinois
mansion is a cruciform structure, its longer axial line 450 and its shorter axis 285 feet in
length, with an average width of nearly 100 feet. The design is suggestive of the Italian
renaissance; but with certain points of accentuation that belong to no special order of archi¬
tecture. From the spot where the arms of the cross intersect, a galleried dome, capped by
a lantern, rises some 240 feet above the floor, altogether too lofty and narrow for the building
which it surmounts. Above the principal entrance-way is a figure with outstretched arms
representing “Illinois Welcoming the Nations,” and among other themes expressed in
sculptural art are “The Birth of Chicago,” “Education,” and “La Salle and Companions.”
Within is a wide longitudinal nave dividing the exposition sections, with apartments for the governor and his
suite, and the state and women’s board; in the eastern portion is an elaborate school exhibit; in a memorial
chamber on the north, an historic collection from the state capitol, and the western division is devoted to
agricultuie, horticulture, floriculture, forestry, archaeology, and the contributions of the Fish commission and
the Geological survey.
The agricultural display is mainly from the state college of Agriculture in conjunction with the government
experimental station at Champaign, and was prepared by Professor Morrow, dean of the former. Back from
the gallery was erected an ornamental pavilion, in which is a collection of grass seeds, its walls, roof, and
ceiling covered with grains and grasses. Near by, in glass jars containing 3,600 specimens and several hundred
varieties, are grouped in three sections the principal cereals of Illinois, the ceiling of each, with its supporting
pillars, decorated in the grain which it contains. On a mural panel, with framework of yellow corn, is depicted
a model prairie farm, its buildings and picket fence, its live-stock and poultry, growing crops and fallow fields,
all fashioned of native grains and grasses, and draped with a grass curtain held by a rope and tassels of
801
1 THSOTv/zj/^y
APR 1 1982
t/BRARIES^
ILLINOIS BUILDING FROM THE NORTH LAGOON
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
803
corn. A miniature car, filled each day with
different grains, shows how cereals are brought
to market and sorted according to grades.
An interesting group from the exper¬
imental station is that which demonstrates
how forest and fruit trees can be cultivated,
cross sections showing their growth in periods
of five years, and lateral sections, their grain
and fibre. Here also are illustrated the
processes of grafting and cross fertilizing,
with the treatment of plant diseases and the
laboratory equipped for such purposes. Of
weeds there is a large collection, and here are
arranged all the insects injurious to vegetable
life. Horticultural and florieultural speci¬
mens are numerous, some in wax and others
in their natural state. In a booth formed
of interlacing branches of trees is the state
display of forestry, rustic benches showing
segments cut in various directions, transverse,
radial, and oblique. Near the central rotunda
is a grotto of artificial rocks, with stalagmites
and stalactites, cascades, waterfalls, and rus¬
tic bridge. In the pools below are the food
and other fish contributed by the commission,
including carp, perch, pike, and catfish;
black and rock bass; dog-fish, sunfish, buffalo
fish, and others in several varieties. Gold¬
fish, red white and black, occupy a separate
one of the entrances pond, and within the grotto are illustrated
methods of hatching and propagation.
In the geological section are pyramids of coal and boulders of granite, limestone, and sandstone, with
glacial rock and gravel, glass-sand, fire-clay, and kaolin. Elsewhere is a pyramid of tiles, terra-cotta moldings,
and other articles, more than twenty feet square at the base and embellished with floral designs. This is
exhibited by the Illinois Brick and Tilemakers’ association, and is not only a specimen of ceramic art, but
in
arranged
represents an important branch of industry, affording employment to 85,000 operatives. The
collection is from the state
museum, and contains many
specimens relating to the
stone age, gathered from
Indian mounds, with others
tribal groupings and
with reference to
age and utility.
In a projecting space
on the northern side of the
building are war relics from
the state-house at Spring-
field, with articles of historic
interest relating to those to
whom was intrusted the
safe-keeping of the union.
Here are the battle flags
of nearly all the Illinois
regiments, 155 in number,
enrolled for their country’s
service. Many are rent with
shot and shell, and not a
few are stained with blood,
among them the one that
Sergeant Riley bore, and for
which he laid down his life A model ILLINOIS farm depictured in grains and grasses
archaeological
SIDE VIEW OF ILLINOIS BUILDING
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
805
at Ringgold gap. By Sergeant Hunter of Grant’s old regiment, the Twenty-first Illinois, are shown the colors
which he carried to the front. Here also are the saddle and bridle of General Logan, and the wooden leg of
Santa Anna, captured by the Fourth Illinois. Of Lincoln and Grant there are many things to remind us,
including the table-cloth used at the wedding breakfast of the former, the dresses worn by his wife on state
occasions, and that which she wore at the theatre on the night of her husband’s assassination. There is the
saddle used by Grant and the lantern which he carried as a part of his outfit, with photographs pertaining to
both these central figures of the civil war.
Here and elsewhere are many curiosities gathered from various sections of the state, among them the
first bell whose notes were heard in the Mississippi valley, cast, as appears from inscriptions, at Rochelle in
1741, and presented by Louis XV to the mission church at Kaskaskia. Of scenes characteristic of this ancient
settlement there are many photo¬
graphs, including one of the hotel
where a banquet was given to Lafayette
in 1828. The mantel itself is shown
which spanned the capacious fireplace
of the dining-room, somewhat the
worse for wear after its century and
a half of existence. There is a view
of the building in which the earlier
state legislatures convened, the first
brick structure erected west of the
Alleghany mountains, with materials
brought in boats from Pittsburg.
From the grandson of Pierre Minard,
the first lieutenant-governor of the
state, are some of the articles imported
from France to furnish his family
mansion—a pier glass, mahogany
sideboard, and bedstead with carved
posts and canvas canopy. Near by
is the table on which Elias Kent
drafted the original constitution of
Illinois.
The eastern half of the building
is almost entirely occupied by the
educational exhibits and those of the
woman’s board. First is the kinder¬
garten display in a cheerful apartment
adjoining the vestibule, the children
trained under the Froebel system
occupying the room for the first three
months of the Fair, and then giving
place to those of the Chicago asso¬
ciation, under whose care are more
than a score of free kindergartens in
various portions of the city, all sup¬
ported by voluntary contributions.
Then come the public school exhibits,
beginning with a model school-room,
supplied with the latest inventions in
the way of furniture and apparatus, including instruments for the demonstration of problems in chemistry and
physics. Next are those of the country schools, the graded schools, and the high schools, all arranged in
logical sequence and with numerous samples of work. So with the normal schools in an adjoining section, the
specimens shown in cases and grouped according to subjects.
But the feature in this department is the elaborate display of the state university, in connection with
which are those of the experimental station and the laboratory of natural history. The educational exhibits
proper were arranged by T. J. Burrill, one of the regents, in conjunction with E. E. Chester, state commissioner
on education. The literary division is under charge of F. F. Fredericks, and there is also shown the work of
the school of art and design. A bacteriological group, with the results of scientific investigations and the
instruments used for the purpose, was prepared by Doctor Burrill, a man of more than national repute. By
Professor Forbes were arranged the collections in natural history, among which are 300 mounted specimens of
birds, including all that are native to Illinois. Many branches of physics and natural science are here represented;
GROTTO, WITH RUSTIC BRIDGE
8o6
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
INDIANA’S PAVILION
and there are cases filled with samples and models relating to various branches of engi¬
neering, while architecture and mineralogy also find expression, the latter in long rows
of labelled crucibles, with the tests for which they were used.
Woman has played well her part in connection with the state exhibit, contributing
or gathering many of the most valuable collections, and using to excellent advantage the
$80,000 —one-tenth of the entire appropriation—devoted to a representation of the arts
and industries of Illinois women. A board was organized, with committees on domestic
science, on historic and scientific collections, on literature, on educational, charitable, and
professional work, and on art in all its branches, fine, practical, and decorative, musical
and dramatic. Thus were culled the choicest specimens of woman’s achievement in all
the wide sphere of her labors and influence. The exhibits in domestic science, pertaining
chiefly to the kitchen, dining-room, and pantry were housed in the Woman’s building,
where all such contributions are grouped. Of the historic and personal relics, and the
articles displayed in the educational sections, and even in the scientific departments of
the university, not a few are the offerings of women.
In the library, tastefully equipped and with decorated walls and frieze, are several hundred volumes from
the pen of Illinois women, the oldest among them, entitled Early Engagements , written by Sarah Marshall
Hayden in 1841. Next to this in point of age is Wau Bun , a story of early days in the northwest by Mrs
John H. Ivinzie, published in New York in 1856. There are also many rare and valuable works, with an
abundance of newspapers and magazines. By one of the committees a report was .published giving, among
other information, the number of women wage-earners, of teachers, and of those who are caring for the sick,
the poor, the aged, and the defective classes.
The art display includes statuary, paintings in oil and water colors, etchings, and pastels, an entire wall
being hung with the collections of the palette club. Of ceramic art and decorative needlework there are many
excellent specimens; but as to what has been accomplished by women in the way of decoration, the best
examples are in the reception parlor, with its silken hangings of deep olive hue, designed and woven by women,
its panelled frieze with allegorical and other paintings by female artists, and its arabesque designs for the
C. STUDEBAKER
OHIO’S TEMPLE
8o8
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
arches above the windows. The furniture is of itself a work of art, the handsome mantel of carved maple, the
old arm-chairs, clock-cases, and escritoires all fashioned by feminine hands.
Thus it will be seen that in the home of Illinois are reproduced in miniature the main departments of
the Fair, in all of which the state was largely represented, the local exhibition forming a complete and well
ordered display of her resources, industries, and arts, with all that pertains to the social life of this cultured
and prosperous community. No wonder that her people were proud of their fair, of the city which contains it,
and of the part which the state has played in contributing to the general effect. Especially was this apparent
on days of public celebration, on dedication day, Illinois day, and above all on Chicago day; for on such
occasions her citizens unite as the members of a single family, and for a single purpose.
RINGING THE LIBERTY BELL ON OHIO DAY
The building was dedicated on the 18th of May, with the usual exercises held on the plaza in front.
On Illinois day, the 24th of August, nearly 300,000 people gathered on the grounds, the largest attendance to
that date with the single exception of the 4th of July. Among them were many farmers from the prairie state,
here assembled for a few days of sight-seeing, probably the hardest days’ work of their lives. The edifice was
profusely decorated with flags and streamers, the balconies draped in red, white, and blue, and the interior
redolent with floral tributes. There were the usual speech-making, feasting, fireworks, and reception; but the
feature of the celebration was the parade of state soldiery, who, marching to the grounds from their encampment
at Windsor park, headed by the governor and his staff, passed in divisions some 5,000 strong the reviewing
stand erected in front of the building.
But it was for Chicago day that the people of Illinois, and especially its metropolis, reserved their
strength, and this was in truth a celebration such as never before was recorded in the annals of international
expositions. The date selected was the 9th of October, when in a single night, just twenty-two years before,
the city was swept out of existence, now resurrected in tenfold glory, and with the crowning glory of its Fair.
The city was crowded with visitors, each incoming train increasing their number, so that on the eve of the great
occasion at least 1,000,000 strangers were housed within her gates. But not all were housed; for many there
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
809
were with well filled purses who, finding no place to sleep, were compelled to walk the streets, to seek shelter
in doorways, unfinished buildings, restaurants, or wherever they could find a resting place.
The morning of the 9th was an ideal autumn day, radiant and bright, the soft, warm breeze of Indian
summer caressing with velvet touch the myriads of banners that almost hid from view the towering structures
of the midcontinent metropolis. The city was early astir, and all were hastening toward a common goal—the
gates of Jackson park. Throughout the entire day, and far into the night, railroads and steamboats were
packed to their utmost capacity. The street-cars running to the park were wedged together for scores of blocks,
awaiting a chance to move, and on none of them was there a spare inch of seating or standing room, men and
women perching on the roofs, crowding on the platform, on the foot-boards, or wherever they could find a
foothold. As recorded by the superintendent of admissions 761,942 persons entered the grounds, against 275,000
and 397,000 as the highest figures respectively for the Philadelphia and Paris expositions. For once it must be
confessed that Jackson
park was crowded, and
the means of communi¬
cation all insufficient for
this unwieldy throng.
The Fair was pro¬
fusely decorated, and
especially the mansion
of Illinois, though other
state buildings donned
their festal robes, the
associated boards keep¬
ing open house, and in
the name of Chicago ex¬
tending to all a hearty
welcome. As to the
exercises they were but
incidents of the day, the
feature of which was the
vast, surging multitude
assembled in honor of
the fete, to bid all hail
to a city that many re¬
membered as a black,
charred ruin, the com¬
miseration of the world,
of which now its Fair
was the wonder. At
noon the Exposition flag
was unfurled in the court
of honor above the lib¬
erty bell, whose tones
were presently heard afar in the grounds. Then was presented to its mayor the original deed to the site of
Chicago, transferred to the government by the chief of the Pottawattomies. A procession of school children
followed, representing various states and cities, a drill of the Chicago hussars, with music and further bell-ringing
by the representatives of many nations concluding the programme of the day.
At night there was a procession of floats, at the head of which, one drawn by fourteen coal-black horses
contained a female figure, led with silken cords by two other figures, typical of love and liberty. The former
was radiant with spangles, on her head a phoenix with outstretched wings, and on her breast, the words “I
Will,” the motto of the Chicagonese. Elsewhere on the float young women in classic garb, beneath which, let
us hope, they wore some warmer and less transparent clothing, represented science, literature, music, and art.
Near the central group were a stand of colors and the national coat-of-arms, and around the base of the super-
stiucture were grouped the flags of all nations, beneath it children in Grecian costume, each with a coat-of-arms,
symbolic of the forty-four states of the union. The “I Will” float was followed by one named “Chicago in
1812,” the date of the Fort Dearborn massacre. Then came “Chicago in War,” with others allegorical of
Peace and Chicago Prostrate, the latter accompanied by an engine used at the great fire of 1871. At
this point the crowd broke in on the procession; for now the display of fireworks was at hand, the remaining
floats, those of “Commerce,” “Columbus at the Court of Isabella and Ferdinand,” and others belongino- to
foreign participants being excluded from the pageant.
On the morning of the 10th the earlier visitors to Jackson park found there a number who had tarried
all night on the grounds, not from choice it is presumed, but to avoid the crush which cost the lives of several
MICHIGAN'S HEADQUARTERS
8io THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
and injured not a few. Far into the morning hours the main avenues leading from the Fair were thronged with
serried lines of vehicles in every form, from a four-in-hand to a butcher’s cart, bearing homeward their loads of
weary sight-seers; yet on this and the following day the attendance for each was more than a third of a million,
the largest recorded except for the Chicago celebration. Thus did the people of many states and nations do
honor to the city and its fair.
In common with many others,
the Indiana building is devoted solely
to official and social purposes. It is
plainly but neatly built and furnished,
the wood, glass, tiling, and stone
work forming exhibits of the natural
products of the state. Of French-
Gothic design, its cathedral windows,
its towers and gables, with the spires
at either end, give to it the aspect
of a chateau of moderate dimensions.
The foundation story is of graystone,
around which is a broad veranda,
simply but tastefully embellished, and
over the dormer windows are coats-
of-arms in bas-relief. At all points
of the compass are entrances leading
into tiled hall-ways, one of them open¬
ing into a large semi-circular assembly
room, connected with corridors by
arches ornamented with Gothic fret¬
work. This chamber, occupying the
entire southern section, is finished in
white oak highly polished, its floors laid in mosaic or encaustic tiling, and among its decorative features are
female figures symbolic of agriculture, education, and the Indiana maiden. On the northern side are parlors
and reception chambers finished in sycamore and locust. Above are reading rooms, supplied with state papers
and the works of native authors, prominent among the latter being several editions of Ben Hnr and the poems
of James Whitcomb Riley. Black walnut and curly maple are mainly used in these portions of the building, the
larger rooms containing fireplaces in which Bedford stone is the chief material.
Apart, from the building and its furniture Indiana has no individual display,
except in the fine and decorative arts, and these intended rather as a portion of the
equipment than as exhibits. Among them are several landscapes by native artists,
with portraits of prominent men, while in one of the reception rooms is a collection
of painted chinaware, the handiwork of the late wife of ex-President Harrison. But
even artistic and literary themes are here but slightly represented; for the home of
Indiana is intended merely as a pleasant rendezvous and place of entertainment for
visitors from that state and those whom they choose to invite.
Dedication day fell on the 15th of June, the feature of the occasion being an
impromptu speech from Benjamin Harrison. By B. F. Havens, executive commissioner,
the keys were delivered to Clement Studebaker, president of the state board, the
former pointing to the portraits of those whose names were linked with the history of
the commonwealth, and the latter referring briefly to the tasteful structure now to be
opened to the sons and daughters of Indiana. By Governor Matthews the building
was dedicated to the youth of the state, and as a member of the woman’s board,
Mrs Virginia C. Meredith spoke of woman’s participation in the Fair. Then J. L. Campbell called attention to the
resources and industries of Indiana, one of the largest cereal producing sections of the republic. As to her
representation at the Fair, he claimed for his state a foremost rank among the manufactures and educational
exhibits, while the most massive exhibit of all was in Chicago’s museum of art, constructed entirely of Indiana
limestone. After some further exercises, varied with music, a reception in the assembly room brought to a
close the celebration of the day.
Of the $150,000 appropriated by the legislature of Ohio, some $35,000 was used for the state building,
which is of colonial pattern, its main entrance on the east, in the form of a semi-circular colonnaded porch,
extending to the upper story. The wood work and tiling are all of native materials, the red tiles used for the
roof being a contribution from New Philadelphia. Windows of stained glass bear the names of such men as
Chase, Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman, while near the main entrance is a monument surmounted by a graceful
figure, symbolic of Ohio, below which upon sub-pedestals are statues of those whom state and nation love to
honor. Opening from the main lobby are parlors and committee rooms, and in the centre is a hall decorated
A. L. SMITH
WISCONSIN BUILDING
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
811
with buckeyes molded in stucco, the coat-of-arms worked in stained glass appearing above its spacious fireplace.
Back of the hall is an open court, one of the enclosing wings containing the quarters of the bureau of information,
and another a parlor for men, with writing and smoking rooms. On the second floor of the two wings are the
assembly hall and a chamber for press correspondents.
Among the portraits displayed in the Ohio building is that of General Sherman, from the brush of Mrs
Ellen Elizabeth King, copied by special request from one in possession of the war department.
It represents the great soldier in full uniform and wearing the insignia of
the army of Tennessee and the military division of the Mississippi,
the latter including the badges of several corps of which he was the
commander.
Though less demonstrative than other states Ohio was not without
special days of celebration. In June a reception was tendered to ex-President
Harrison, informal but attended by several thousand people. Governor
McKinley also received an ovation; and on Ohio day, the 15th of September,
the chief executive and his staff were received by the director-general in front
of the Administration building, where there was ringing of the liberty bell by
the governor, with other exercises that need not here be described.
For Michigan’s home, adjoining that of Ohio, a choice location was
assigned, west of the Art palace and fronting on two of the boulevards. It
is a spacious edifice, with broad verandas on each of its sides, of no special
order of architecture, but pleasing in gen¬
eral effect, with framework of pine colored
in light gray, dormer windows, and lofty
shingled roof, above which a balconied
clock-tower rises to a height of 130 feet.
On the first floor is the main hall, a bright and
cheerful apartment when illumined by electric
lights, with bureau of information, check rooms,
news-stands and other accommodations. But more
attractive apartments are those finished and fur¬
nished by Saginaw, Muskegon, and Grand Rapids,
the two first in the form of men’s reception and
reading rooms. The ladies’ parlor, the special
creation of the latter, is tastefully decorated in
stucco and hung with beautiful tapestries designed
by the women of that city, while in its furniture
the leading factories present their finest
products. From Grand Rapids also comes the
carved marble mantel in the main corridor, 50
feet in width, the floor, together with those of
the minor passages, being paved with Michigan tiling.
In the central corridor is a marble bust of Governor Cass, one of the fathers
of the northwest, and at the head of the stairway leading thence to the second story
is a portrait of General Custer, attired in nondescript costume, with broad-brimmed
hat, sailor shirt, army blouse, and red necktie, loosely covered by the insignia of
his rank. Here also are other famous characters in the annals of state and nation.
In the room reserved for the press is the last copy of every paper issued
THE GENIUS OF WISCONSIN.
BY NELLIE MEARS
m
Michigan on the 30th of April, the day before the opening of the Fair, with all
subsequent issues printed during its progress. On this floor is an assembly
room for social, musical, and religious gatherings, in which is a handsome pipe
organ constructed by a Detroit firm. Across the corridor is the natural history
collection from the state university, consisting of mounted deer, bears, birds,
reptiles, and other specimens of Michigan fauna, past and present.
Michigan day fell on the 13th of September; but as the exercises dif¬
fered but little from those already described, it is unnecessary here to relate
them. Of this and other state celebrations brief mention is made under the
heading of World’s Fair Miscellany.
Wisconsin's building, with its high, abrupt roofs, turrets, and dormer
windows, its body of pressed brick and brown sandstone, resembles rather the
home of one of her substantial citizens than a structure intended for public use.
plat of ground, its main front near the lagoon, with Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio for immediate neighbors
FORWARD. BY JEAN POND MINER
Standing on a semi-circular
it differs from most of the others
m
that
no
staff
is
used
in its construction, all the materials being of
8 l2
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
domestic production. Walls and ceil¬
ings are finished in polished oak,
cherry, birdseye maple, elm, butternut,
birch, and other woods from Chippewa
county, the wainscoting of the first
floor being especially elaborate. Most
of the panelling is also in hardwood,
and the reception room or lobby, which
occupies the entire ground floor, is
paved with tiles made of Wisconsin clay
by Wisconsin manufacturers. This
chamber is divided into three compart¬
ments by spandrels of oak, on one of
which is the coat-of-arms. The furni¬
ture is chiefly of rattan, of the pattern
seen at hotels and summer resorts.
Among the pictures are several
loaned by General Fairchild, when
minister to Spain, including portraits
of Columbus and his descendant, the
duke of Veragua, of ex-Senator Doo¬
little and his wife, and of S. Fillmore
Bennett. In the reception rooms for
men and women are also works of art.
From the watchword of the state,
“Forward, ” Jean Pond Miner, a Wisconsin sculptress, has taken the theme for a marble group executed with
singular delicacy and yet with sufficient boldness. In the prow of a boat stands a female figure, one hand
uplifted, the other grasping an American flag, the pose suggestive of eager expectation and strength of will.
The drapery seems to be carried backward by the wind, as if the craft were approaching land, the eagle which
stands on the bow of the boat being recognized as the famous bird, Old Abe, which accompanied its regiment
throughout the civil war. Among other works of note are “The Genius of Wisconsin,” a quiet composition in
marble by Nellie Mears, also a resident of the badger state. Features which largely partake of the artistic are
the three handsome fireplaces on the ground floor, and the carved stairway of white oak leading to the
chambers above. Midway is a window of stained Venetian glass, a contribution from the city of Superior, and at
the head of the staircase are decorated glass panels overlooking the balcony without. On the second story are
the rooms occupied by the
state board, of which A. L.
Smith is president, with an art
loan collection, and the exhibit
of the State Historical society,
including works by Wisconsin
authors and a bibliography of
writers either native to the
state or those who have made
their reputation therein.
Opposite the western
annex to the Art palace is the
clear-cut, two-story structure,
built in the style of the Italian
renaissance, which represents
the state of Minnesota, its
frame of wood, covered with
staff, and its roof of Spanish
tiling. A square portico, with
pillars supporting the balcony,
is the architectural feature
of the main entrance, within
the shadow of which stands the
muscular figure of Hiawatha,
with martial he ad-gear of
feathers, quiver at his back,
and tomahawk in belt, bearing
MINNESOTA BUILDING
HALL AND STAIRWAYS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
813
across the stream the slender form of Minnehaha, as she passes not unwillingly from the wigwam of her father
to that of her future husband. This is a contribution from the women and school children of Minneapolis, due
largely to the efforts of Mrs H. F. Brown of that city. The statue, fashioned in plaster, is to be cast in
marble and placed in the state park, within sound and sight of the falls of Minnehaha.
Within the building is a bureau of information, with postal and other accommodation. In the exhibition
hall are mounted cariboo, moose, deer, bear, foxes, and smaller animals, many of them prepared by R. O.
Sweeny of Duluth. There are some noble specimens of elk and moose heads, with a collection of game birds
and photographs of famous fishing resorts on northern streams. In this section are several Indian curios, some
of them reviving memories of the massacres of early days. Opposite the entrance is the main staircase rising
RECEPTION PARLOR
from the rear of the hall, and about midway there is a semi-circular alcove lighted by windows of stained
glass. At the head is worked on another window the coat-of-arms and its motto, “L’Etoile du Nord. ” Most
of the decorative effects, however, are produced by sheaves of wheat and timothy, clover and other grasses,
with numerous heads of elk protruding from the walls and antlers interlocked in the form of a chandelier.
The general reception hall and the parlors for men and women are handsomely furnished, and especially
worthy of note are the mantel and-cabinet in the ladies’ reception room. In the decorative scheme of the
former the central feature is in the shape of a volume inscribed “Songs of Hiawatha,” and near it a calumet,
or pipe of peace, across which is a hatchet, a block of polished pipestone more than three feet square furnishing
the material for the work. In several of the apartments are tastefully frescoed walls, many of the color decor¬
ations being the handiwork of women, while the finishing in pine is executed with pleasing effect.
On the eastern shores of the northwest ponds are the buildings of the two Dakotas, Nebraska standing
between them. Each has features of the colonial style of architecture, with broad verandas in front, that of
the northern commonwealth with columns extended to the upper story, thus forming porch and balcony. The
two divisions of this structure are separated by a broad band or frieze between windows in which wheat, the
principal staple of North Dakota, is used for the plan of decoration. The main hall, where are the agricultural
exhibits, is entered directly through the principal doorway, and here the embellishments are also in grain, the
814
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
grade of wheat known in the market as
"No. i hard” being worked into many artistic
devices, both in the kernel and the sheaf.
Varieties of nutritive grasses, to the number
of about four-score, are also used in the for¬
mation of panels and the depicting of cattle,
agricultural machinery, and farm scenes. To
the wealth of the state as a producer of wheat
further attention is called by a large painting
from the brush of Carl Gutherz, representing
a farm in the Red River valley.
In the second story are reception parlors
and rooms for the members of the press and
the state commission. Here are specimens of
decorated china and other forms of woman’s
handicraft. By women also was contributed
the old-fashioned cart in which was brought
to Pembina the bride of the pioneer settler of
North Dakota, attached to it an ox so mounted
that he still appears to be dragging his pre¬
cious burden. Here likewise are moose, deer,
north Dakota building and buffalo, all of them in the best style of
the taxidermist’s art.
While in the mansion of South Dakota her agricultural resources are freely illustrated, most of the
exhibits, together with the structure that contains them, are suggestive rather of her wealth as a mining region.
The exterior of the building is finished in Yankton cement, and in front is a semi-circular portico and balcony,
a large sandstone arch supported by polished pillars of jasper forming the principal entrance. The parlors are
on either side, and beyond is the exhibition hall lighted from the dome above the roof. Opening from the
galleries are offices and rooms for the use of the state board and press correspondents.
Among the features of the exhibits are a cabinet of fossils and a collection of paintings by women of Yankton,
Sioux Falls, and other cities, with specimens of hand-painted china, and photographs of Dakota’s artesian wells.
Under the dome is a massive pillar of Sioux Falls jasper, upon which is a gilded globe surmounted by an eagle
with outstretched wings. Elsewhere is shown a diamond-like mineral capable of cutting glass, with ores of gold,
silver, copper, tin, gypsum, and mica. There is also a large assortment of petrifactions, and there are cases
filled with stalactites and stalagmites from the Cave of
the Wind, in Custer county. Among other curiosities is
a model of a cottage constructed from minerals gathered
from the Black hills, in the vicinity of Custer city. It is
about three feet in height, and of Gothic design, sand¬
stone being worked into the foundation, and the tower at
the corner capped with gold and silver quartz. Above
the second story are quartzes, stalactites, stalagmites,
slate, marble, and various ores, the roof being of mica
cut into shapes resembling slabs of slate. This is a con¬
tribution from the women of Custer city, and not far away
is a model of a farm-house, with yard and outhouses, con¬
structed of varieties of wood gathered from many states.
Of Iowa’s home at the Fair a portion was in ex¬
istence long before ground was broken for the Columbian
Exposition. This was in the form of a building called
The Shelter, erected on a commanding site near the
margin of the lake, a spot well known to habitues of
Jackson park. It was a substantial edifice, with granite base, slate roof, and conical towers, the addition con¬
forming to the architectural design and giving to the entire structure the aspect of a French chateau, decorated
with flags and streamers. Over the southern front appears the word Iowa; on one of the towers are the names
of her leading cities, and on another, medallions and bas-reliefs illustrative of the industries and annals of
the state, while on the highest point of one of the roofs the figure of a farmer represents perhaps the most
prominent of her wealth-producing classes.
Yellow is the prevailing hue of the walls and decorations, symbolic of one of the greatest corn producing
states in the union, her crop approximating and at times exceeding 300,000,000 bushels. In the hall, grain,
and especially corn, is exclusively used for its decorative scheme; but this is best described in the words of
him to whom the work was intrusted. "We have used,” he says, "in decorating this room, 1,200 bushels of
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
815
corn and three and one half car¬
loads of cereals. The capitals of
the columns are worked out in corn
shucks and millet heads. From the
roof-tree to the walls the ceiling is
divided into three sections, the top
one
beint
general
in design and
made of all the field products of the
state. The next section has fourteen
panels, those on the side ceiling con¬
taining figures illustrating the differ¬
ent industries of the state. At each
end of the ceiling are panels contain¬
ing the American eagle and shield
worked out in grains, and in the four
corners of the ceiling are shields with
the device, ‘ ‘Iowa, 1846-1893, ” worked
out on a blue field in white corn and
shucks. Where the pillars join the
roof is a frieze, with an elaborate
scroll-work made of festoons of corn
and wheat and millet seeds. In the
centre of the hall is a model of the
state capitol, made entirely of glass
and filled with grain. It is 21 feet high, 23 feet long, and 13 feet wide. Facing the eastern entrance is a heroic
group, the centre figure being a woman. It represents Iowa fostering her industries. Grouped around by the
pillars are small pavilions and pagodas, on which are displayed the different products of the farm and mine.”
SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING
MINERALS AND GRAINS OF SOUTH DAKOTA
816
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
trom the rear of the hall-way a broad flight of stairs leads to the assembly and other rooms above,
the ground floor of this, the new portion of the building, containing reception parlors, offices, and headquarters
for the state board and its committees. Opposite the landing of this stairway is a huge fireplace, upon
the mantel of which is the inscription: “Iowa —The affections of her people, like the rivers of her borders,
flow to an inseparable union. Passing into the assembly chamber, the visitor finds its walls hung with
native works of art, the feminine industries
which border upon art being also here dis¬
played. Opening from the hall is a parlor
for women, its frieze and panels containing
floral and other tasteful designs. For men
there are general reception rooms and special
k
IOWA’S “SHELTER" BY THE LAKE
apartments for smoking and writing, while for the press are reserved two handsome chambers, one of them
adorned with figures symbolic of the fraternity. Newsboys are shown in eager pursuit of customers; the printer’s
devil appears, and there are bas-reliefs of shears, paste-pots, and other implements of the craft. In the other
chamber are newspapers, desks, and all journalistic equipments, including telegraph service. Finally, connected
with the assembly hall is a room in which is installed the exhibit of the State historical society.
As agriculture is the foundation of Nebraska’s wealth, it is fitting that her exposition hall should be well
stored with specimens of grain and other products of the soil. These are for the most part arranged by
counties, a map of Platte, one of the richest of them being fashioned of wheat, oats, rye, and grass seed.
But that which attracts most attention is the exhibit of beet-sugar industries, in which for several years the
state has been largely engaged. These are displayed in photographic form, and in the centre of the hall is a
pyramid composed of jars in the contents of which are shown the various stages of growth and manufacture,
from the seed to the full-grown beet, and from pulp and juice to syrup and granulated sugar. After studying
this exhibit, together with the ornamental display of golden grain on wall and frieze, the visitor takes no
exception to the mottoes worked in native grasses, “Corn is King,” “Sugar is Queen.” In rear of the
exhibition chamber is a room curtained off from the main floor, in which a woman who claims to be “the
greatest butter artist in the world” gives daily exhibitions of her skill in moulding. Here, with paddles, sticks,
and other simple implements, she fashions from this plastic material the seal and arms of the state, together
with fruits and grains, floral and other designs.
The building itself is of the later colonial style, with massive columns and spacious portico approached
by broad flights of steps, and with the seal of Nebraska boldly executed on the architrave. On the ground
floor are accommodations for the state board, a post-office, and a parlor for men, a double stairway leading to
the rooms above. On the second story are several handsome apartments, with an art exhibit and a collection
of all the more prominent newspapers published throughout the state. In one of the rooms, completely furnished
by Nebraska women, is a display of decorated china, paintings on plaques, artificial flowers, fancy needlework,
and other evidences of feminine skill and taste. The Indian tepee and the buffalo, which also form a portion
of the exhibits, are but memories of an age, not many years distant, when Nebraska was still in the grasp of
the savage, and when herds of bison roamed over one of the most fertile regions of the west.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
817
the walls of this projection is the seal of the state,
with its star-like motto placed within the rim of
a medallion, and flanked on either side by
seraphim with broad-spread wings. Above the
main body of the structure is a glass dome, ellip¬
tical in shape and bearing upon its interior surface
the watchword of the state in letters of gold
wrought on a star-lit sky. On the main floor
are sheaves of wheat, stalks of corn, and other
native products, the cobs being cut into sections
and grains and grasses fashioned into mounds,
ornamental cornice work, dados, and wall bases.
In another section are arranged the fruits and vege¬
tables of Kansas, all of excellent quality, and
especially her apples, beets, and melons.
In the second story the decorative features
are mainly the handiwork of women. The exhibi-
“Ad Astra per Aspera”
is an ambitious watchword for
individual or state, but one
that is fully justified in the
history of Kansas. In Expo¬
sition affairs she has evinced
all the typical western vigor,
her building itself being
among the largest and most
attractive on the grounds. It
is cruciform in shape, nearly
140 feet in either direction,
and of unique and substantial
design. A broad arch forms
the main entrance, a large,
tower-like projection, sur¬
mounted by a cupola, forming
the point of architectural em¬
phasis. In bas-relief upon
DESIGNS AND DECORATIONS, IOWA BUILDIN
tion hall is beneath the dome, and around
it are parlors neatly furnished and with paint¬
ings by local artists. Of the mural decora¬
tions the most pleasing are those in which
the golden face of the sunflower is repeated,
while banners hung upon the walls present
sheaves of such grains as are raised to ad¬
vantage in special localities. One of these
chambers was furnished by Jewell county,
which claims to excel in production of corn;
but here the state flower still asserts itself,
even in the carvings of the easy chairs.
Elsewhere are special exhibits of woman’s
industrial art, with one representing the
public school system of Kansas.
But the feature of the display, and in
truth one of the features of the entire Ex¬
position, is the collection of specimens in
natural history, arranged in artistic groups
in an annex erected for the purpose. Con¬
tributed by the university of Kansas, this
collection was mainly gathered and prepared
CEREALS AND FRUITS
818
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
by its custodian, Lewis Lindsay Dyche, for several years professor of zoology and curator of birds and mammals.
To secure these 120 specimens was a ten years’ labor of love, and to mount them, even with the aid of skilled
assistants, was the task of four additional years, the professor travelling far into the mountainous regions on
the northern verge of British Columbia, and elsewhere venturing where never before white man had ventured.
Among these groups are many animals which are rapidly becoming extinct—the moose, the elk, the Rocky
Mountain sheep, and others of which, a few years hence, not a single specimen will remain alive. An additional
value is imparted by the skill of the taxidermist who, in addition to a perfect mastery of his art, is also a
naturalist, one who has studied his subjects, not in cages, but in forest lair and on mountain slope, has
reproduced them in their natural habitat and with their natural environment, as they crouch or walk or leap,
even to the rigid tendons, the swelling muscles, the look of fear or pain or defiance with which they yield their
f
THE NEBRASKA BUILDING
life. In a word, the Kansas collection is rather an exhibit of animal sculpture than of taxidermy, bringing that
science into close relation with plastic art.
In front of the collection is a pair of bull moose, fighting as only moose can fight when each one
struggles for the supremacy. Admirably are here portrayed the fury of the combat, the tension of limb, and
contraction of muscle, this group holding in taxidermal science the place accorded to Landseer’s famous painting
of forest monarchs engaged in a duel to the death. Near by are mountain lions quarrelling over the carcass
of a deer, and close at hand is a lioness with cubs not larger than kittens. Next is a cluster of foxes, among
them a silver fox whose fur is valued at $150; and then a pair of ocelots or tiger cats, with lynxes in life-like
posture. Wolves are tearing at the remains of a buffalo, of which little is left for a group of coyotes awaiting
their share of the feast. Three young coyotes are faring better, one having secured the tail of a rabbit, and
the others tearing the body apart. Close to the wall is a group of buffalo, one of them, as is claimed, the
largest and best mounted specimen on exhibition anywhere in the world.
At the head of a band of elk stands a magnificent Wapiti bull, measuring ten feet nine inches from tip
of toe to point of antler, the poise and contour perfectly reproduced, and in the head and face an air of
conscious superiority. This was killed in Colorado in 1890, and in common with most of the specimens met
his fate at the hands of the professor. In close proximity is a band of antelope of a variety seldom met with
in haunts accessible to man, and in a miniature canon in the background are two grizzly bears, one of them
facing the spectator. On a rocky promontory in line with the canon are ten Rocky Mountain sheep, this by
far the best collection extant of a species rapidly becoming extinct. On the topmost crag the leader keeps
watch and ward, a veritable king of the big horns, of phenomenal stature but perfect in shape and color. On
another peak are Rocky Mountain goats, a ram with six ewes and young bucks, the former standing guard
and the others grouped below in realistic attitudes.
But the most imposing group in the collection is a family of seven moose, arranged as though in the
swamp lands near the lake of the Woods, where all the animals were killed. At their head is an enormous
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
819
bull, a leviathan of his kind, with a measurement of more than nine feet from toe to antler and seven to the
top of the withers. On rocky, moss-covered ground near by are caribou, and near the moose are Virginia deer
feeding on a grassy slope. Of mule deer there is a herd of nine, in front, a noble buck, and all in natural shape
and posture, as in their mountain
home. In addition to these is a score
of heads all handsomely mounted,
and of smaller animals there is a lib¬
eral display, from wolverines to jack-
rabbits and prairie dogs. The entire
exhibit is arranged in panoramic form,
with artificial groundwork, in places
twenty feet high, and so constructed
as to represent, as far as possible,
the natural habitat of all the species.
Turning to the exhibits of the
Pacific states may first be mentioned
those of California, which in her own,
as in the main departments of the
Fair, is represented as befits this
enterprising and ambitious common¬
wealth of the furthest west. Of her
contributions to the latter, and
especially to the Mining, Agricultural
and Horticultural divisions, sufficient
mention has been made, and many
of these are duplicated, or rather
the Kansas building supplemented, in her home at Jack-
son park. That the state appears
to such advantage is due in part to the liberal appropriation of her legislature, largely increased by the
subscriptions of counties and individuals, and amounting in all to $750,000. But here also were the materials
for a choice and elaborate display; for in few sections of the republic is there a greater diversity of products,
and in few have greater results been achieved in all the more prominent branches of industry.
California’s edifice is a reproduction of the mission buildings of her golden age, the era that preceded
the age of gold, when Franciscan
padres dozed away their harmless
lives, and amid peace and plenty ate
and drank of the products of the soil
planted and garnered by their
neophytes. It is a composite design,
the exterior resembling those of the
Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo
missions, with traces of that which
Junipero Serra founded at San Diego,
far back in the eighteenth century.
Unless it be for the belfries, the cen¬
tral dome, and roof garden, there is
little attempt at external decoration,
while in the interior the spacious
nave and intersecting aisles impart a
church-like aspect, and also afford
ample room for exhibits. Erected as
it is on one of the choicest locations
in the park, this antique structure,
with its massive walls of adobe and
roof of Spanish tiles, is one of the
landmarks of the Fair; but while not
without elements of the picturesque,
it would seem that a more appropriate a sunflower room
design could have been selected for the
display of mineral specimens, of fruits and cereals fresh gathered from the rich soil of the golden state.
As to the decorative scheme may first be mentioned the seal of the commonwealth above the principal
820
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
entrance-way, and on either side an inscription referring to the admission of California into the union.
Within the portal is a colossal statue of California, with girdle of gold, bearing in her right hand the olive
branch of peace, and at her feet a cornucopia filled with fruits. In the southern gallery a large canvas illus¬
trates the process of placer mining in pioneer days, and this is flanked by models of primitive mining implements,
wrought in pine cones and cedar. Opposite is depicted a farming scene, adjoining which are farm products
and utensils, other paintings in the northern gallery and elsewhere representing the flora of the state and her
production of wine. Thus are symbolized the several industrial eras; first the mining era which succeeded the
pastoral age; then agriculture which gradually supplanted mining as the leading industry, this in turn giving
place to horticulture and the making of wine. The balustrade which encircles the rotunda on the second floor
GROUP OF BUFFALO, KANSAS EXHIBIT
is adorned with branches of oak, manzanita, and pine, from which depend mosses and ferns, the posts extending
thence to the summit of the dome wreathed with the foliage of palms. Pendent from arches and beams are
baskets filled with semi-tropical plants.
In connection with the decorative features may also be mentioned the eschscholtzia and wild flower rooms,
adjoining each other in the gallery and separated only by portieres, one of them made of sixteenth century
cloth, bordered with poppies and with fringe of gold. In the eschscholtzia chamber, so-called after the plant
which bears the name of Eschscholtz, the botanist, the design is everywhere suggestive of the wild poppy, the
flower of California. The decorations are in white and gold, and the canvas ceiling is stretched on frames and
adorned with wreaths and garlands of poppies, in the centre of each being name of one of the counties. On
the horizontal portion of the ceiling is a panel representing a comely damsel, ruddy of hue and with flowing
auburn tresses, scattering the golden poppy broadcast over the land. In the wild flower room, the floral wealth
of the state is depicted in a number of water colors executed by Mrs Marianne Matthieu, a San Franciscan
artist. The walls and ceiling are draped in olive-green silk, and of the same color are the draperies of brocaded
satin fringed with gold. Pressed flowers are displayed in a cabinet, and ferns on a pedestal of marble and in
a vase set on a rustic stand, a handsome specimen of ceramic art.
Unlike the majority of the state edifices, California’s domicile is not merely a club-house or place of rest
and social intercourse for visitors, stored with historic and personal relics. While serving for these and other
purposes, it is also an exposition building, and if, as I have said, some of its exhibits are duplicates, they are
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
821
honey
and sorghum;
such as will bear duplication; for here is represented a state
which ranks among the foremost ot the sisterhood in the
production of cereals and fruits, supplying, since 1848,
more than two-thirds of the total yield of gold,
and with manufacturing, and other industries
yet almost in their infancy, but capable of
infinite development.
The collections are from many counties,
and are classified under the general depart¬
ments of mining, agriculture, horticulture,
and viticulture; but include also exhibits of
forestry, fisheries, fauna, and flora, with
such as pertain to the arts and to educa¬
tion. In the mining display are nearly all
the metals and minerals of commercial value
found in California, among them gold, silver, and
nickel; lead, tin, copper, antimony, aluminum, and
iron; sulphur and salt; gypsum and kaolin; asphalt, borax,
and petroleum. Of farm and market-garden products there
are wheat, oats, barley, maize, broom and Egyptian corn,
pumpkins, squashes, and beets; Irish and sweet potatoes; beans of thirty descriptions;
AMERICAN LIONESS AND FAMILY
A COMBAT TO THE DEATH
tomatoes, onions, cabbages, carrots, and turnips. Fruits, fresh, canned,
and dried, crystallized and preserved, are here in every species
and form. There are oranges, lemons, and limes; apples,
quinces, and pears; peaches, plums, and nectarines; figs, prunes,
and dates; olives, cherries, and bananas, with berries and
currants of many kinds, and grapes and raisins in scores of varieties;
of jellies and marmalades, wines and brandies, there is an elaborate
display; and of nuts there are the English, Eastern, and Cali¬
fornia walnut, with chestnuts; pecans, peanuts, and almonds. There are
palm-trees a century old, a specimen from Santa Barbara county rising from
a Spanish fountain in the centre of the dome to a height of 60 feet. There
are sections of the giant redwoods of which all the world has read, one from
Humboldt county hollowed from a tree more than 400 feet in height, 76 in
circumference near the ground, and containing, it is said, 400,000 feet
of lumber. Finally, there are miniature groves of orange, date, citron,
lemon, lime, cocoanut, guava, and loquat trees, with sub¬
tropical plants arranged in artistic groupings. By many of
the counties exhibits of their products and resources were ar¬
ranged in separate sections, some of them containing choice and
varied collections.
As to special features may first be mentioned the heroic
A MONARCH OF THE FOREST
822
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
statue in bronze of James W. Marshall, the discoverer of gold, at the base of which are cases of nuggets and
other specimens, and around it larger cases of minerals and ores. Here and elsewhere are more than 6,000
samples of metals and minerals, contributed from all the more prominent mining properties. In the section
devoted to southern California is the “Palace of Plenty,” a cruciform structure fashioned of the products of
southern counties. In glass cases around
. .. its base are 40 kinds of grain, and near it
a display of English walnuts in a revolv¬
ing tower of glass, silver lined and octag¬
onal in shape, adjoining which is a large
globular structure entirely covered with
oranges. Not far away is a pyramid of
fruit, 16 feet in height, and surmounted
by the figure of a bear. Santa Barbara
county has a tower of olive oil, 30 feet
high, its frame of iron, its apex of pampas
plumes, and on the shelves, 1,600 bottles
or nearly two tons of oil. Santa Clara
county has an exhibit of prunes wrought
in the shape of a horse, and Humboldt, a
bear cave, with a fierce looking brute at
its mouth. Ventura shows a pagoda con¬
structed of beans; San Diego, a portiere
of silk cocoons, and Fresno a miniature
temple of redwood roofed with stalks of
grain and pampas plumes. Kern county’s
structure is in the form of a bridge, on
the top and sides of which are arranged
in glass jars her cereals, fruits, and cotton,
while beneath the span is a collection of
minerals. The base of the bridge rests
GROUP OF CARIBOU
on two globes labelled “Orient” and “Occi¬
dent,” and thus is suggested her world-wide range of products. Under the western gallery the chamber of
commerce has an elaborate display of grains from several counties, of citrus fruits from Riverside, Los Angeles,
and San Bernardino, and of
wines from the largest cellars
in California, containing about
one half of the aggregate pro¬
duction of the United States.
In the art gallery are
contributions from the fore¬
most of California artists, such
men as Thomas Hill, William
Keith, Norton Bush, and Virgil
Williams. Women are also
largely represented, with a
dozen or more exhibitors. Not
a few of the works are loans
from private collections, and of
all that were submitted to the
committee less than one third
were accepted. Here also is
an exhibit of the arts and in¬
dustries of women, among
which are included music and
literature. For this purpose
a large and handsomely fur¬
nished chamber was prepared,
with partitions of carved red¬
wood, and in the corners,
spaces filled with divans. At
the entrance is a golden gate, designed by Mrs Vance Cheney and fashioned of large gilded leaves, above which
are rugged trunks of trees adorned with foliage and fruits, all worked in tints of gold and gold-bearing quartz.
MOOSE FROM THE SWAMP LANDS
CALIFORNIA BUILDING
824
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
On one of the walls are portraits of California musicians, and near them the works of composers, with Hawaiian,
Indian, Japanese, and Chinese instruments hung on panels in each of the corners. Elsewhere, in bookcases of
carved native woods, are contributions from California authors, some of them of more than local celebrity. There
are also shelves containing painted china and pottery, and there are panels on which are fire etchings and
poker work, with designs in brass and iron, embroidery, needlework, and other articles fashioned by the deft
fingers of California women.
In the historical display are many mission and Indian relics, the
former freely contributed by those in charge of the collections gathered by
the Franciscan fathers. From the Los Angeles school of art and from Santa
Fe are paintings and photographs of the missions, and
of men who have played a prominent part in the annals §
of the state. Kern, Butte, and Chico counties send a
large number of Indian baskets and curios, and in this
connection may be mentioned the pictures of Alaskan
scenery, including the Muir and Taku glaciers, Juneau,
and an ocean view from Sitka, these the property of
the Pacific Coast Steamship company. Wells, Fargo
PORTICO OF CALIFORNIA BUILDING
and company have also an historical collection, with portraits of the presidents and other officials of this famous
express and banking association, from Henry Wells and William G. Fargo, its founders, to John J. Valentine,
elected president as successor to Lloyd Tevis in 1892. There are also the portraits of agents of the company
who have manfully resisted the attacks of highwaymen, with broken treasure boxes and other articles from
plundered stages and trains. For the fourteen years ending with November 1884, there were no less than 313
actual and 34 attempted stage robberies, the loss from these and train robberies exceeding $927,000. Since
that date no general report has been made; but, as the company remarks, “this has not been due to dearth of
material.” George D. Roberts is here, George Hackett, Aaron Ross, Hank Monk, and other celebrities. There
is the oldest railroad pass in existence, granted in 1836 to W. C. Gray, then in charge of the express traffic on the
Boston and Lowell line. There are signs more than half a century old; there are posters offering large rewards
for the apprehension of desperadoes; there are the stamps used by the Pony express, and finally there is the
double-barrelled shot-gun with which, as his only weapon, “Black Bart” played the role of the lone highwayman.
By the San Francisco board of directors was prepared, in the form of a circular relief map, a panoramic
outline of the city, its bay, and the shores adjacent. The model is more than 100 feet in circumference and
seven in height; but depressed beneath the level of the floor so as to afford a perfect birds-eye view. All
the principal streets and buildings are shown, with railroads, park, and plazas, on the scale of one square foot
to the block, and thoroughfares two inches in width. Among the objects of this exhibit was to show the
geographical and other advantages of San Francisco, as the western gateway of the nation, and with one of the
finest harbors in the world.
■0&M
Ilf
«
pfe'lll
ip 5 jp im n
glHfc.; ;■' 9
y
P * „ ;
SECTIONAL VIEWS IN CALIFORNIA BUILDING
8a6
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Still another special exhibit is the collection
of astronomical photographs illustrating the work
of the Lick observatory in the space allotted to
Santa Clara county, where, near the summit of
Mount Hamilton, more than 4,000 feet above the
sea-level, is the site of this well known institution.
Of these, three specimens are here reproduced, the
one representing the total solar eclipse of 1893
being a copy of a photograph taken in Chile by
the members of an expedition specially despatched
for the purpose. Among other valuable work
accomplished by the observatory, of which E. S.
Holden is director, are the observations of the
transit of Mercury in 1881, of the transit of Venus
in 1882, and the discovery and measurement of a
large number of double stars.
Second to California’s elaborate display, and
second only, is that of Washington, one of the
youngest and most vigorous among the Pacific
one of the entrance ways coast sisterhood. To her rich and multiform re¬
sources, and to her thriving industries, as exemplified
in the main departments of the Fair, and especially in the Agricultural, Horticultural, Forestry, Fisheries, and
Mining divisions, I have called attention in other sections of this work. For her home at Jackson park a choice
location was allotted, near one of the principal entrances,
this being accorded, as explained by the director-general,
on account of her liberal appropriation, and her prompt
THE MOON IN THE FOCUS OF THE GREAT EQUATORIAL, LICK OBSERVATORY
THE LUNAR APENNINES
application for space on which to erect a separate building, the first one received on all the list.
Of the forest and mineral wealth of Washington there is an excellent illustration in the building itself,
the materials for which were collected and shipped from her logging camps, quarries, and factories at
considerable expense of time and money, and with results
that speak for themselves. Nearly all the materials; not
only the lumber, logs, and stone, but the doors, window-
frames, and sashes; the moldings, panellings, and wains¬
coting, the stairs and railings were contributed by her
citizens; for nowhere was displayed a more general interest
in the great World’s Fair, and a more worthy ambition
that the state should be well represented.
The Washington edifice cannot be readily mistaken;
for it is unique and characteristic in appearance, and in
front of it is one of the tallest flag-staffs in the world,
238 feet in height, and cut from the fir-tree forests that
encircle Puget sound. For the plan competition was
invited from architects resident in the state, the one
selected by the director of works, to whom were submitted
the prize drawings, being that of Warren P. Skillings,
who thus became the artificer of the building. The
foundations and lower walls are of fir logs, some of them
THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF APRIL, 1893
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
827
127 feet long, eight in diameter, and yet so cut away that the timber squared from the surface of each would
suffice to build a roomy cottage. The roof is shingled, and supported by massive timber trusses, and the
interior finished in cedar and fir; all the materials used coming from the evergreen state, even to the nails and
the paint. The first floor is almost absorbed by the central hall, and on the second story is a reception
chamber, with parlors and committee rooms. In the wings are grouped the principal exhibits, one of them
having a solid concrete floor, on which are arranged the mineral collections. Of the two main entrances, the
one facing the lagoon is constructed of carved building stones, and the other, fronting on the grounds, of ores
with veins of silver, lead, and various metals,
with mosses and vines in the crevices.
The building is plainly furnished, and
with a view to display the exhibits to the
best advantage. As to decorative features,
there is first of all the seal of the state
carved from native woods, the centre of
spruce, with stars made of quaking asp
surrounding the head of Washington, whose
features are fashioned of madrona, his wig
of elderberry, his coat of black cedar, and
his ruff of mountain pine. Among the
decorated panellings are those which display
the rhododendron, or state flower, carved
on white maple; a bunch of grapes on
cottonwood, of strawberries on tinted pink
maple, and a spray of hops on native oak.
On larger panels carved in birch are ship¬
ping, mining, lumbering, and farming scenes,
with a vessel loading grain at the wharf;
a train of freight cars issuing from the tunnel of a mine; a saw-mill, with operatives at work, and a farm with
harvesters in the grain fields and a large cornucopia from which are pouring the fruits of the earth.
Entering at the south wing the visitor is confronted with great sections of fir, spruce, cedar, oak, and
maple, from the timber regions of Puget sound, some of them the full diameter of the trees, and others
displaying the finish they will take. A huge fir stump
has a cedar log entangled in its roots, thus showing that
the fir has grown above the cedar, and as the latter is
perfectly sound, and the former at least two centuries
old, we have here sufficient proof of the durability of
Washington timber. In this section are also rolls of
wrapping paper made from the pulp of the fir and cotton¬
wood. Among other manufactures are wooden vessels,
shingles, and lumber in various forms. Near by is the
mining and mineral exhibit, mainly of gold, silver, lead,
onyx, coal, iron, copper, asbestos, mineral paint, and
building stones. Here is a block of coal from the Rosslyn
mine, weighing more than 25 tons, and probably the largest
that was ever mined in a single piece.
Connecting the southern wing with the body of the
building is a corridor neatly draped with cereals and fruits,
the former in sheaf and wondrous large. On the ground
floor of the main structure is a model farm in miniature,
with houses, barns, and fences; fields in summer fallow, with tiny gang ploughs at work, and all the machinery
and implements represented on a diminutive scale. Here also are mounted specimens of the fauna of
Washington, her elk, deer, and bear; her seals and sea-fowl; her silver salmon, her mountain trout, and other
varieties of fish, with the skeleton of a mammoth elephant, thirteen feet high and with tusks nearly ten feet
in length. Thence to the north wing leads another corridor where is a display of garden vegetables—cabbages,
beets, potatoes, onions, parsnips, and turnips of phenomenal size and yet of excellent quality.
In the northern wing are the educational and art exhibits, with a collection of woman’s work, including
needlework, lace-making, embroidery, and panel-paintings. The school buildings and systems of Seattle, Tacoma,
Spokane, and other cities are shown in photographic form, with the pupils at their studies or exercises, and
there are numerous specimens of chirography, drawing, and drafting. In the art display are excellent paintings
in oil and water colors, all of local subjects and by Washington artists. In photographs are also views of the
homes and business structures of Tacoma, whose site, a dozen years ago, was little better than a wilderness of
forest primeval, and where now are business blocks and residences worthy of a city of metropolitan rank.
WOMAN'S EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT
THE WASHINGTON BUILDING
828
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Ascending to the upper floor the visitor is entertained by cultured men and women,
in apartments handsomely furnished, and with no lack of the hospitality characteristic
of the evergreen state. Especially was this apparent on the day selected for cele¬
bration, for which the simple exercises were arranged by the state commission, with
N. G. Blalock as president.
Idaho’s representation at the Fair is largely due to her commissioner, James
M. Wells, the only one appointed for that state. Through his persistent and well
directed efforts, a region rich in resources and possibilities, but before comparatively
MINIATURE FARM, WASHINGTON
unknown, has taken rank at
the great Exposition with many
of the older and more populous
sections. The state building,
one of the most unique and orig¬
inal structures in Jackson park,
is a modified form of a Swiss
chalet, built of logs of uniform
thickness on a foundation of
lava rock, these and all other
materials of home production.
The logs are rough hewn and
represent more than twenty
varieties of timber which grow
in the forests of Idaho, among
them, pine, fir, cottonwood,
aspen, cedar, tamarack, hem¬
lock, alder, yew, thorn, and willow. In front of the edifice, beneath its overhanging eaves, is the seal of the
state cut in stone, and over the shield of the commonwealth, a mounted specimen of a stag. The entrance is
in the form of a rude archway
of lava rock, and a wainscoting
of minerals is a feature of the
hall-way, the offices opening
from them being finished in
fir, cedar, tamarack, and pine.
The outer doors are composed
of mica instead of glass, thus
calling attention to a mineral
found only in Idaho and North
Carolina in deposits of com¬
mercial value. The fireplaces
are made of white marble,
basaltic rock, and pressed brick,
the last representing a recent
but promising industry. In
pictorial form are illustrated
here and there the scenery and
characteristic flora of the state.
On the second floor are
reception rooms, separated
transversely by what is known
as Mica hall, its doors and
windows fashioned of blocks MA|N HALL 0F WASHINGTON building
and sheets of mica and with
wainscoting of the same material. The parlor for men is furnished as an old-time hunter’s lodge, with fireplace
of native marble, three-pronged andirons resembling bear traps, and on the walls various trophies of the chase.
N. G. BLALOCK
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
829
Mounted deer, elk, caribou, and sheep are picturesquely grouped, and here is also a
cougar slain by the knife of a noted huntsman. Above the fireplace is the rifle of
the Modoc chief, Captain Jack, and among other articles are Indian relics and cos¬
tumes of brilliant hues. The doors of the lodge are of hewn oak, the hinges and
fastenings in the form of dirks, flasks, arrows, pistols, and other weapons and imple¬
ments. Elsewhere in the building the bracings and hinges of the doors, most of which
are made of a single slab of timber, are in imitation of miners’ tools. In the women’s
parlor are a mantel of white marble, homespun carpet, and tea-set arranged on an
oaken sideboard. Old-fashioned candlesticks are fastened to the rough-hewn logs, where
also hang Indian baskets and fabrics, while vegetables, corn, and tobacco speak of the
domestic products
MRS M'ADOW
of the state.
On the third
floor is the exhi¬
bition chamber, about 50 feet square, in
which is an elaborate display of cereals, with
hundreds of jars of fruit and a complete
herbarium of flowers and grasses. Here also
is an exhibit of taxidermy, including mem¬
bers of the deer family with bears and
wolves, all in life-like attitudes. The rarest
specimen among them is of a black wolf,
which appears with a rabbit in its mouth,
amid what appears to be a patch of sage¬
brush. In a glass
case is a collection
of more than 100
varieties of birds
indigenous to the
state.
In the collec¬
tion and organiza¬
tion of Montana’s
exhibits woman plays a prominent part, and a liberal share of the appropriation was set
aside for her use, five lady managers having charge of all matters pertaining to dairy
products, poultry, pantry stores, needle-work, floriculture, and such of the fine arts,
plastic and ornamental, as are the products of woman’s hands. The president of the
woman’s branch is Mrs J. E. Rickards, wife of the governor, with Mrs Clara L. M’Adow
as associate, Stephen De Wolf being at the head of the board.
The state building is a one-story structure of Romanesque design, its arched
vestibule with marble floor, in front of which is a trophy of precious ores, surmounted by a lordly elk. On one
of the panels at the side is the state motto, “Oro y Plata,” and on the other the inscription, “A. D.,
MDCCCXCIII. Within are parlors and a general reception room in the form of a rotunda, the architectural
feature of the interior being its heavy Roman pilasters with massive caps and bases. The rotunda, which is
IDAHO'S CHALET
J. M. WELLS
THE HUNTER’S CABIN
NATIVE ANIMALS AND SHEAF GRAINS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
octagonal in shape, is finished in native pine, the upper
panels decorated with the heads of buffalo, elk, bear, and
other animals indigenous to the state. Light is admitted
through the stained glass roof of a dome beneath which
are paintings that speak of the picturesque scenery and
mineral wealth of Montana. The walls are tinted an olive
green, as are those of the women’s parlors to the right,
all the furniture being upholstered in leather. Back of the
main reception room is a banquet hall, in the centre of
which is a group of mounted elk, and elsewhere are
smoking and reading rooms supplied with desks, tables, and
easy chairs.
Among the paintings most admired is that of Sho¬
shone Falls, representing a seething mass of water falling
over projecting cliffs, on the brow of which is a pine tree
about to plunge into the rapids below. Among Indian
subjects are the crossing of the Lo Lo trail by the Nez
Perce tribe, and one named “Me,” showing a plumed and
painted brave gazing at his own portrait. Russell, “the
cow-boy artist,” entirely self-taught, has several subjects
selected from incidents of his life, as “The Bucking
Broncho,” “The Buffalo Hunt,” and “The Indian Tepee.”
From the women of Montana are several portraits, with
photographs of early settlers and prominent citizens. In
a broad gallery surrounding the rotunda are specimens of
Montana’s fruits, natural and preserved, together with
samples of feminine handiwork.
On a site adjoining that of the Washington building,
Colorado erected a neat and commodious edifice in style
of old Spanish architecture, with slender towers, in which
are spiral staircases, rising from the main facade to a height
of nearly ioo feet. rhe color scheme is in ivory white, and the decorations, though not elaborate, are sufficient
to relieve the broad, plain surface of the walls. Passing through portals 40 feet in width, the visitor enters
the central hall, whence stairways lead to the floor above. At the end of the hall is a large mantel of onyx,
flanked by glass doors opening into the offices, and on the sides are smoking and reception chambers. On the
second story an assembly room, with vaulted ceiling, extends across the centre of the building, and adjoining
it are reading and
CEREALS AND FRUITS
rooms, from which is access
to hanging balconies.
The home of the cen¬
tennial state was intended
merely as a place of rest and
entertainment, and apart from
relics and curiosities, contains
no special exhibits, Colorado
reserving her strength for the
main departments of the
Exposition. While nearly all
the western states are well
represented, there are some
to whom special credit is due,
and among them is Colorado,
whose display is worthy of
her resources and achieve¬
ments. A generation has not
yet passed away since, in 1859,
the discovery of gold drew
westward the second great
migration across the plains; and yet within that time Colorado, standing almost in midcontinent between the
west and the further west, has already surpassed her older sisters, and with a future the greatness of which
no man can foretell. As a mining region she ranks first in the production of silver and second in output of gold.
Stock-raising has ever been a profitable industry, nearly 2,000,000 cattle grazing among her valleys and
THE HOME OF MONTANA
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
foothills, with annual shipments east
of 100,000 head. Her yield of cereals
and fruits is rapidly increasing, and
her irrigation system is among the
best in the republic. In civic growth
no state has a prouder record, Den¬
ver, which in i860 was a straggling
village, with but a single window of
glass and not a single pound of nails
in all the settlement, having in 1880
a population of 36,000, and in 1890
of 107,000, or nearly a threefold gain
within a decade.
Utah’s participation in the
Fair is largely due to the enterprise
of her Mormon population, by whom
were also subscribed most of the
necessary funds, a legislative appro¬
priation of #50,000 being vetoed by
the governor. In the territorial
building and its contents, as in the
principal departments of the Expo¬
sition, is strongly expressed the
individuality of the Mormon com¬
munity, a statue of Brigham Young,
for instance, standing in front of the
COLORADO BUILDING
edifice, while the arch near the main portal is a partial reproduction of
the old Eagle gate of the Mormon temple. But the industries and resources of Utah are also fully exemplified,
UTAH BUILDING
832
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
and especially the industries of women, no less than twenty-six county associations,
with clubs innumerable, working in unison with the territorial board, of which
R. C. Chambers is president.
Ihe home of Utah stands on the northern verge of the grounds, its front
resembling, on a smaller scale, the classic structures that surround the central
court. For the foundations, columns, pilasters, and other portions, the materials
used are in imitation of native building stones, while the walls are fashioned as
in a structure of adobes. The portico, with its Ionic pillars, is the point of
architectural emphasis, and this is approached from a spacious terrace, to which
a broad flight of steps leads from the avenue adjacent. In the centre of the
building is an exhibition hall, open from floor to skylight, and elsewhere are
reception rooms, offices, and a bureau of information, with other offices on the
second floor, where also is an apartment for special exhibits.
r. c. chambers In oaken cases around the central hall and in the gallery chamber the
exhibits are neatly grouped, and in such manner as to illustrate to the best
advantage the resources and possibilities of Utah. Gold, silver, and sulphur are the principal minerals displayed,
and with them is shown the process of reducing sulphur and of handling rock salt and borax, both of which
are found in large deposits. The silk and beet-sugar industries are well represented, and of cotton there are
several specimens. A fea¬
ture in the display is the
collection of woman’s
work, and especially the
articles contributed by the
board of lady managers.
Among them are portieres
of broadcloth richly dec¬
orated; rugs made of the
skins of the grizzly bear
and mountain lion, and a
table and clock of native
woods and onyx. Photo¬
graphs are abundant,
showing the scenery of
Utah, her homes, her
temple, and her taber¬
nacle. Finally there is a
large collection of Indian
relics, including weapons,
ornaments, and pottery,
with an Indian mummy
reposing at full length,
discovered in one of the
mountain caves.
Arizona, New Mex- joint terruor.al building
ico, and Oklahoma jointly
occupy a long, low, two-story building, a garden upon its flat roof displaying the typical vegetation of the
southwest. Beds and columns of gigantic cacti are arranged in front of this structure, its plain veranda
surmounted by a balcony, with plants in large vessels along the railing, overshadowing the entrance-ways to the
headquarters of the three territories. To a certain extent the small exhibition rooms are a duplication of that
which was displayed in the general departments, and among them are mineral specimens from New Mexico
and Arizona, with the grains and vegetables of Oklahoma. In the second story are parlors neatly furnished
and not without evidences of artistic taste. In New Mexico’s chamber are beautiful specimens of woman's
work, including that which comes from the Navajos, and here are also paintings of more than average
merit. Among Arizona’s collection is a life size crayon portrait of General Crook, and near it a picture of an
old log-house built in Prescott in 1863, the pioneer building of that locality and the residence of the first
governor. I11 photographic form are other historic spots, with several views of the Grand canon. 1 here is also
a collection of pottery from one of the Indian agencies, and from the wife of General O Neil comes a quilt in
which are reproduced the corps badges of the United States army.
World’s Fair Miscellany. —On the eve of Chicago day A. F.
Seeberger, treasurer of the Fair, signed his check for $1,565,310.76,
in payment of the balance due on debenture bonds, thus cancelling
all the indebtedness of the Exposition.
The Illinois mansion, the most expensive of all the state build¬
ings, cost $250,000, and in its construction were used 3,000,000 feet
of lumber and 650 tons of iron. The governor’s suite of apartments
is supplied with antique furniture, all from native woods, and with
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
833
carvings in high relief. A chamber was set apart for the Illinois
Press association, the members of which held a special celebration
on the 16th of Jane. In connection with the educational exhibits
may be mentioned those of the state institution for the training of
the deaf and dumb, contained in two cheerful sunny rooms in the
southeastern corner of the building.
In this institution are on an average
about 500 inmates, the specimens of
work displayed resembling those
described in connection with other
institutions in the chapter on Liberal
Arts.
Michigan's building was dedicated
on the 13th of September, in the
presence of at least 20,000 of her
citizens, among them Governor John
T. Rich, ex-Governor Russell A.
Alger, ex-Senator Thomas W. Ferry,
General A. T. McReynolds, and I. M.
Weston, president of the state board.
In an eloquent speech, Thomas W.
Palmer, president of the Exposition,
sketched the earlier history of Michi¬
gan, and then spoke of the material and
social development evolved from the work of its founders and pioneers.
Then came brief addresses from those who were identified with the
history of the state. Director-general Davis, Fred Douglass, and Mrs
Annet Laura Haviland were also among the speakers. Mrs Haviland
was a prominent figure during slavery days as one of those who
assisted in the escape of negro fugitives, by means of what was
known as the “ underground railway.”
The home of Minnesota was dedicated by the members of the
State Editorial association before it was formally opened, J. A. John¬
son presenting the building to Senator Keller, by whom it was
accepted in the name of the state. Of special interest were the
impromptu remarks of L. P. Hunt, its superintendent, to whose
exertions was largely due Minnesota’s creditable display in all depart¬
ments of the Fair. The building was christened in behalf of the
press by Mrs Oscar Lineau.
Much of the credit for North Dakota’s standing at the Fair is
due to Martin Hector, president of the state board. Aside from her
display in the Agricultural department, there was a most interesting
exhibit in the Forestry building, show¬
ing what intelligent effort may accom¬
plish in reclothing denuded lands.
October 10th was North Dakota day,
Governor Shortbridge, ex-governors
Burke and Miller, and the president
of the state board participating in the
exercises.
The forty-seventh anniversary of
Iowa’s admission into the union was
celebrated on the 2rst of September
by one of the largest assemblages
gathered on special days. There was
a military parade, together with a
cadet corps and a brigade of girls
attired in blue uniforms. At Festival
hall the exercises included music by
the Iowa state band and addresses by
James O. Crosby, president of the
state board, Governor Boies, Chief Buchanan, of the Agricultural
department, and Mrs Isabella Hooper.
During the early portion of September the people of Kansas
devoted an entire week to celebrations and festivities, the r2th being
selected as Kansas day. Among the participants were L. D.
Lewelling, leader of the people’s party, M. W. Cobun, president of
the state boaid, and Solon O. I hacher, one of the pioneers and
founders of the state, with musical societies from Topeka and the
state militia. Here also was one who, more than all others, revived
the memories of early days when Kansas was the centre of political
interest. 1 his was Captain John Brown, whose father was the
strongest factor in the agitation which prevailed in Kansas for
several yeais before the civil war; the captain,himself a noted aboli¬
JAMES O. CROSBY
MARTIN HECTOR
tionist, taking part in the sack of Lawrence, but not in the
attack on Harper’s ferry, and at the outbreak of the war raising a
company of cavalry. He is still
a hale and vigorous specimen of
manhood, though several years
beyond the allotted span of life.
The cost of the California
building exceeded $100,000, its
decorative scheme being intrusted
to Mary C. Bates of San Francisco.
In the rotunda the effect of the
fountain, with circular basins and
a lofty palm with spreading crown
rising from its centre, is extremely
beautiful, the green of the tree and
the plants around its base con¬
trasting with the terra cotta of the m. w. cobun
fountain, and the water trickling
over moss-covered rocks, or rather their semblance in staff. To the
right of the palm-tree is the pampas palace exhibited by Mrs Strong,
of Whittier, Los Angeles county. It is decorated with pampas plumes
as soft as feathers and worked in tasteful designs, the interior fur¬
nished with articles made of the same materials. From the women
of Alameda county came an attractive exhibit, the feature in which is
a clock with framework of onyx and surmounted by marble figures,
the numbered hours on the dial-plate encircled with pictorial illus¬
trations of prominent buildings. A carved wooden mantel is the
joint work of two Alameda damsels, and from this depends a curtain
embroidered by the sisters of the convent of Notre Dame. The
building was dedicated on the 19th of June, the keys being delivered
to Governor Markham by James D. Phelan, vice-president of the
state board. The governor’s speech was followed by several others,
and then came a feast of fruit and wine. On the 5th of August a
number of argonauts met in their Jackson park home to exchange
reminiscences of pioneer days. The 9th of September was selected
for California’s celebra¬
tion; for on that day of
1850 she was admitted
into the union, the only
state to be so admitted
without a probationary
term. There were the
usual addresses, with
music, singing, and rec¬
itations.
The Utah celebra¬
tion was also on the
9th of September,
Utah being admit¬
ted as a territory
simultaneously with
the admission of
California to state¬
hood. At Festival
hall Mormons and
Gentiles met to- one of wells fargo's exhibits
gether, nearly 3,000
in number, among them Caleb West, the governor of the territory,
and Wilfred Woodruff, the president of the church, with whom were
George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith. After singing by the
Mormon choir, Mrs Richards, president of the woman’s board, spoke
a few words of welcome, and then came the governor's address, in
which he referred to the exodus from Nauvoo, the toilsome journey
across plain and mountain, and told how, amid the sage-brush plains
of the desert, the Mormons planted their homes, living at times on
boiled thistles and stewed thistle tops. The exercises concluded with
an address from George Q. Cannon, followed by music and song.
A fountain, the base of which was formed of crude ores and the
pedestal of cut crystals, was a contribution from the women of Lewis
and Clarke counties, Montana. The bowl was of native silver, with
a tube resembling the clematis vine. From Beaverhead county
came, also as the gift of women, a table of native woods, its top of
mosaic work in several hundred pieces, and on its side a panel made
of silver furnished by the Hecla mine.
THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE FROM THE FERRIS WHEEL
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-FOURTH
THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE
F to any class of visitors the Columbian Exposition was somewhat of a disappointment,
it was to those who went there merely in search of amusement. Instruction rather
than amusement, but instruction conveyed in its most attractive form, was the main
purpose of the Fair, and surely there were never such opportunities for a comparative
study of what has and is being accomplished in every branch of industry and art. But
men would not always be thus instructed ; would prefer rather to take such education in
homoeopathic doses, with a strong admixture of recreation, of fresh air and sunshine, of
saunterings among flower-beds and waterways, and above all with plenty of good things
to eat and to drink. Hence it was that in favorable weather at least half of the visitors
would be found outside the buildings, on the wooded island, on the lagoons, the boul¬
evards, or seated in shady or sheltered spots listening to the music of the bands.
But as places of recreation there were none that would compare with the Midway
plaisance, an epitome and also a supplement of the Fair, with its bazaars of all nations,
its manifold attractions, and yet with educational as well as pleasurable features. All
day long and far into the night this spacious thoroughfare, a mile in length and 600 feet
in width, was crowded with sight-seers who, whatever else they missed, would make the
tour of this novel and heterogeneous exhibition. Entering the avenue a little to the west
of the Woman’s building, they would pass between the
walls of mediaeval villages, between mosques and pagodas, Turkish and Chinese
theatres, past the dwellings of colonial days, past the cabins of South Sea
islanders, of Javanese, Egyptians, Bedouins, Indians, among them huts of bark
and straw that tell of yet ruder environment. They would be met on their way
by German and Hungarian bands, by the discord of Chinese cymbals and
Dahomean tom-toms; they would encounter jugglers and magicians, camel-drivers
and donkey-boys, dancing-girls from Cairo and Algiers, from Samoa and Brazil,
with men and women of all nationalities, some lounging in oriental indifference,
some shrieking in unison or striving to outshriek each other, in the hope of
transferring his superfluous change from the pocket of the unwary pilgrim. Then,
as taste and length of purse determined; for fees were demanded from those who
would penetrate the hidden mysteries of the plaisance, they might enter the
Congress of beauty with its plump and piquant damsels, might pass an hour in one of the theatres or villages,
or partake of harmless beverages served by native waiters. Finally they would betake themselves to the Ferris
835
A JACKSON PARK ESKIMO
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
836
LADY ABERDEEN’S IRISH VILLAGE
wheel, on which they were conveyed with smooth, gliding motion to a height of 260 feet, affording a transient
and kaleidoscopic view of the park and all that it contains.
In this miniature fair with its stir and tumult, its faces of every type and hue, its picturesque buildings,
figures, and costumes is the most graphic and varied ethnological display that was ever presented to the world.
All the continents are here represented, and many nations of each continent, civilized, semi-civilized, and
barbarous, from the Caucasian to the African black, with head in the shape of a cocoa-nut and with barely
enough of clothing to serve for the wadding of a gun. Here, in truth, one may learn more of foreign lands,
their customs, habits, and environment, their food
and drink and dress, their diversions and their in¬
dustries, than years of travel would teach him. If
here and there is a certain admixture of indecency,
so broad at times as to call for the interference of
the authorities, this does not detract from the value
of an exhibition richer and more comprehensive than
any before attempted.
Entering the plaisance is first observed, on
either side of the avenue, a nursery of fruit trees
such as are raised on French and California soil,
with miniature groves of evergreens from the north¬
west, and other duplicates of the out-door exhibit
in the Horticultural department. Then comes a line
of low thatched cottages whose appearance indicates
the abodes of cleanliness and thrift. Here is a
display of Irish industries, within what is known as Lady Aberdeen’s village,
largely organized by one who has devoted many years of her life to the good
work thus represented. In this she first became interested during her husband’s LADY Aberdeen at her spinning-wheel
LORD ABERDEEN
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
837
PETER WHITE
MRS WHITE
for like everything else
term of office as lord lieutenant, and as president of the Irish
Industries association, assisted by the late Peter White, its
secretary, and with his wife as manager of the enterprise, gave
to the Columbian Exposition one of its most attractive features.
The main entrance reproduces in fac-simile the doorway
of a chapel built on the rock of Cashel in the opening years
of the twelfth century by Cormac, “the bishop king of Mun¬
ster.” Passing through this arched portal, its panels enriched
with mouldings and heads in low relief, the visitor enters the
cloisters of Muckross abbey, the original of which, a picturesque
but melancholy ruin, stands hoar and solemn amid the most
beautiful scenery of the lakes and mountains of Killarney. But
here are no priests at prayer or study; no sound nor sign of devotion or of penance
about the village, these cloistered retreats are essentially practical. Opening the door of one of the apartments,
we find here around a turf fire above which a potato pot is boiling, a number of men carving trinkets,
furniture, and articles of church decoration. Thence we may pass to other rooms or cottages where various
industries are in progress. In one young women are busied over lace and crochet work, as made in the cottage
homes of Limerick and Carrickmacross; in another
there is knitting and the making of material for
homespuns; in a third, embroidery; in a fourth
the carving of bog-oak, of
which there are many beautiful
specimens. Elsewhere dairy¬
maids, rosy and buxom, are
showing what their deft fingers
can accomplish with the aid
of modern utensils and the
milk of Kerry kine.
Adjacent to the cloister
of Muckross is the cottage of
Lady Aberdeen, named
“ Lyra-ne-Grena, ” that is to
say, the sunny nook, and over
its door the inscription in Keltic, ‘ ‘ Cead Mile
Failte.” Its quaint, old-fashioned windows are
shaded by the low, overhanging roof, with a frieze
tinted in green. Much of the antique furniture of
is an old spinning wheel to the use of which her
ST PATRICK’S BELL
COTTAGE IN LADY ABERDEEN'S VILLAGE
of shamrock in the interior, whose walls are frescoed and
Irish oak or mahogany consists of historical relics. There
ladyship is no stranger, and in one of the corners is a writing desk that formerly belonged to Thomas Hood.
Carpets and curtains represent Irish industries, and there are prints upon the walls of popular subjects, with
portraits of famous men, as O'Connell, Swift, and Pope.
AN EXHIBIT OF LACES
WEAVING AND SPINNING
o
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
MODEL DAIRY MAIDS
' ****-
Passing thence across an open court
we come to Blarney castle, built in the fif¬
teenth century by one Cormack MacCarthy,
a brave man and a strong, on a site where
Druids held their mystic rites long before
Saint Patrick and his white-robed disciples
set foot in the land of Erin. Its counterpart
at Jackson park is a three-story building, set
apart for the village workers; but for visitors
there is a winding staircase, from the top
of which one may creep to the battlements
at risk of life, and limb and there kiss the
magic stone and obtain a view of Ireland in
the form of a large relief map. But it is a
prosaic structure, with little of the romance
contained in the original, and especially is
missing the creeping ivy on the walls.
In a building known as the “Sheppa”
there are more Irish industries. Then there
is the music hall, with pipers and jig dancers,
where also a young female harpist from the
Dublin academy of music plays sweet accom-
IRISH RELIC
LADY ABERDEEN’S COTTAGE
paniments for singers of national airs.
There is also Tara’s hall, in which are
many relics, with duplicates of the ancient
metal work fashioned by a Dublin jeweller
and briefly described in the chapter on
“Foreign Manufactures.” In this con¬
nection may be mentioned the harp of
Brian Boroihme, bequeathed to his son
Donagh, by him presented to the pope,
and by the pope to Henry VIII, this
precious heirloom passing, after further
changes of ownership, into the museum
of Trinity college, Dublin, where now
is the home of the original. Finally
there is the village museum, where are
many objects of interest, with photo¬
graphs of Irish antiquities, the latter a
contribution from Lord Dunraven.
At the opposite side of the
plaisance, on a site originally allotted
to a Bohemian glass company, is a
building which bears upon its front the
inscription, “International Dress and
Costume Company.” Around its entrance
is usually gathered a larger crowd than
before the more pretentious structures
that line this cosmopolitan thoroughfare;
for within are five and forty damsels fair
to look upon, selected from forty-five
countries to represent as many national
types in typical costumes, fashioned,
it is said, by the great man milliner
of Paris. To a Chicago journalist
belongs the credit, if credit be due,
for this novel and daring exhibition.
With the aid of certain business men,
by personal interviews, by liberal ad¬
vertising and expenditure, and above
SHRINE OF ST PATRICK’S TOOTH
THE HARP OF BRIAN BOROIHM E
840
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
EXHIBIT OF SUBMARINE DIVING
all by dint of phenomenal self-assurance,
he collected and attired these representative
beauties of Italy and Greece; of Germany,
France, and Austria; of England, Scotland,
and Ireland; of Cuba, Mexico, and all the
Americas. This was commonly known as
“the Congress of beauty,” but also by a
score of other titles, by any title in fact,
rather than the one which appears above
the doorway. As to the quality of the
display, whether of face, figure, or costume,
there was much difference of opinion, and
as those of my readers who cared to see
it have doubtless judged for themselves, it
is unnecessary here to make further mention
of the subject, except perhaps to say that
better looking women, and better attired,
can be seen any day in the cities and towns
of the United States.
To foreigners the Adams Express
company, which stands well back from the plaisance as it passes under the viaduct of the Illinois Central
railroad, is an object of passing interest. Although less an exhibit than a portion of the business machinery of
the Fair, many visitors pause for a moment to observe the methodical workings of one of the most prominent
organizations of its kind. Across the avenue is a plain, two-story house of red brick, with narrow front and
neat interior, representing a type of residence occupied by
thousands of Philadelphia workingmen. Diagonally oppo¬
site, and under the viaduct of the railway, is a small
frame building on which is the sign: “Old-Tyme Farmer’s
Dinner.” Here pork and beans, doughnuts, pies, and other
viands are served by Vassar and Wellesley girls, attired
in costumes of the olden days, on little square tables with
horn-handled knives, two-pronged forks of steel, and the
quaintest of antique dishes. The idea of furnishing such
meals originated with Mrs Brinton, better known as “Mother
South wick, ” the name which she bore at the Centennial
Exposition, where she presided over a similar place of
entertainment. Near by she has reproduced another of
its features in the model of a revolutionary log cabin, with
its two rooms and loft, the parlor extending across the
building, and with yawning fireplace, crane, and kettles,
and all the other furnishings of a century ago. Opposite
the door is ranged upon a sideboard the family plate; and
here are ancient hymn-books, candlesticks, and spinning
wheels, and oldest of all, the cradle of Peregrine White,
the so-called “babe of the Mayflower.”
In an unpretentious structure known as the Scenic
theatre are presented through the medium of electricity
effects of dawn and sunrise, midday, twilight, moonrise,
the night sky gemmed with stars, thunder-storms and fair
weather, as seen in the Tyrolean Alps, accompanied by
such instrumental music and weird yodling as the traveller
hears in these favorite resorts. A small building across
the way is almost filled with a tank, in which exhibitions
are given in submarine diving, for the purpose, as is an¬
nounced, of showing how lost articles are recovered at sea.
In the vicinity is a model which illustrates the working of
a Colorado gold mine, the mechanism, which is operated
by electricity, including bucket, pump, hoisting cage, and
cars, such as are used in the Saratoga mine in Gilpin
county. The mountain is shown as though cut in two,
with the mine on the foot wall of the vein, thus exposing
On the
its underground workings
highest level men are
FURNACE ROOM, LIBBEY GLASS WORKS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
841
SMOOTHING AND POLISHING
seen at work, with cars running to the
ore chutes, where they are filled and
then returned to the shaft, and hoisted
to the surface. Here also are the
shaft houses, blacksmith shop, powder
magazine, boarding-house, ropeway,
stamp-mill, water flumes, dump, ore-
bins, piles of wood for timbering, and
all other necessary appliances.
It was intended, as I have said,
to hold near the park entrance to the
plaisance an exposition of Bohemian
glass manufacture; but the plan was
abandoned and the exhibits placed in
the Austrian section of the Manufactures
building, though without any demon¬
stration of the processes whereby they
came into existence. Such industries
are by no means neglected, however,
among the shows of the plaisance, as
appears in two large structures west
of Mother Southwick’s cabin, facing
each other on either side of the avenue.
In style of architecture they are essentially different,
WEAVING GLASS FABRICS
here an exhibition of art in its application to glass
mosaic work.
Opposite is a more substantial structure, with
corner towers and domed central roof, glass in prismatic
forms being grouped along the gravelled walks which
approach it, and in a case near by specimens of glass
spinning of wondrous delicacy. Here is the exhibit of
the Libbey Glass company, showing not only its products
but a complete working establishment, with modern
machinery and apparatus for manufacture. The main
vestibule leads into a semi-circular glass-house, or blow¬
ing room, with melting furnace in the centre, in the
form of a truncated cone. Just within its circumference
and a little above the base are the melting pots, enclosed
in a metallic canopy, the heat which enters from below
being generated from crude petroleum pumped through
pipes from Ohio wells. After being subjected to a heat
of more than 2,000 degrees of Fahrenheit, the crude
materials are in the form of a molten mass, ready for
the one on the south resembling an Italian cathedral,
rich in coloring of gold and green, the winged lion
which surmounts it recalling a similar figure in the square
of St Mark’s at Venice. On the small island of Murano,
near that city, is the factory of the company which
erected this palace of glass and mosaic work, an enter¬
prise established more than a quarter of a century ago,
not only as a business venture but to revive the ancient
industry of ornamental glass work in which Venice was
- at one time preeminent. Among the best of the enamelled
mosaics are two scenes in the life of Columbus, which
at the close of the Exposition were to be transferred to
the Columbus building in Chicago. Some of the most
artistic specimens from the Murano factory, gems which
are scattered among the museums and churches of
Europe, are also shown as reproductions, and there are
ancient toilet bottles, cups and goblets, oriental enamelled
glasses, renaissance filigree and laces fashioned in glass,
with etched and frosted glass in colors of sapphire, agate,
topaz, jasper, onyx, and amethyst. In a word there is
and
ENGRAVING AND ETCHING
CONGRESS OF BEAUTY
i. The Grecian Type 2. An Octoroon. 3. A Welsh Girl 4. Swedish 5. A Star of the East
6. German 7. From Norway 8. Of the Orient 9. American
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
843
cut-glass bowl at its side, recently manufactured by the company.
Attention is also attracted to ice-cream sets encased in brass-bound
morocco, to sherbet and punch jugs of Roman design, to quaint
decanters of Venetian shapes, graceful celery trays, ice-tubs, honey
dishes, and a lamp of elaborate pattern designed for a banquet hall.
Among articles in spun glass there are curtains, portieres, and dec¬
orations for ceilings and walls, with lamp shades and other fancy
articles beautifully painted, all of them intended to show the adapt¬
ability of spun glass to artistic purposes.
Opposite the Libbey works is the zoological arena of Carl
Hagenbeck, who claims to have domesticated and trained more wild
animals than any living man. The programme is both amusing and
ST LAWRENCE GATE
the blow-pipe of the “ gatherer, ” who reaching into one of the pots, takes
up a little of the substance upon the end of his hollow rod and passes it to the
blower. The lat¬
ter rolls it briskly
upon an iron slab
and then, as re¬
quired, expands
it by blowing
through the pipe
in a downward
position, or con¬
tracts it by direct¬
ing the pipe
upward. When
the material has
reached the proper consistency, it is turned with a solid
iron rod, and by means of wooden tools shaped into
plaques, plates, and other forms. After leaving the blow¬
ing room, all glassware is subjected to a graduated or
annealing heat, so tempering it as to resist changes in
temperature.
Above the blowing room and the tempering
oven are quarters for the cutters with their steel wheels, crowds ,nt 0 Donegal ullage
the smoothers with their wheels of sandstone, and
the polishers with wheels of wood, abrading substances being used of various degrees of hardness. A more
interesting process than any, though of less practical value, is the manufacture of what is termed glass cloth;
but this is too complex here to be
described in detail. Other departments
belong to the engravers and etchers,
and those who decorate the various
articles in appropriate colors. Finally
there is the crystal art room wherein
are displayed the finished products of
the factory. Ebony wood work forms
an effective setting for the cut-glassware
at the sides of the room, the uphol-
sterings and tapestries of spun glass
in the centre, and the ceiling decora¬
tions made of the same material. At
the entrance is a so-called Henry Clay
punch-bowl of 1812 in pressed glass,
which though of excellent workman¬
ship, is in marked contrast with the
INTERIOR VIEW
WISHING CHAIR
844
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
varied, for his menagerie includes elephants, lions, tigers, leopards, bears, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, ponies,
zebras, and boars, with monkeys galore and many cases of storks and parrots, thus affording the possibilities
of infinite combinations and forms of entertainment. Prince, the equestrian lion, rides on horseback and springs
over banners with the grace and agility of a circus girl. Another lion rides in a chariot, drawn by a couple of
Bengal tigers, while a brother tiger balances himself
on a revolving globe. Polar bears walk the tight rope,
and black bears roll down a toboggan slide. White
goats frisk around the ring in company with spotted
panthers, and a tiny poodle holds the hoop for a great
black panther whose breath might blow him away.
The most incongruous elements of the brute creation
are thrown together in this amphitheatre, violating all
preconceived notions of the forest and jungle by asso¬
ciating as neighbors and friends. So tame are the
beasts that at times the chief keeper takes his lions or
other performing animals for an airing around the
plaisance, despite the protests of Columbian guards and
special police.
Passing from the arena, the pilgrim of the
plaisance observes at the opposite side of the avenue
an ancient looking gateway flanked by towers, and
beyond and above, a picturesque group of castellated
structures. This is the Donegal Castle Irish village
and contains the exhibits of the Donegal industrial fund, founded by Mrs Ernest Hart, who commenced her
labors more than a decade ago, establishing schools for instruction in various industries here illustrated as in
Lady Aberdeen’s village. In the good work thus accomplished she received the hearty cooperation and sympathy
of other women, whose sole aim was to educate the Irish peasantry in home industries, and to furnish a market
for their products without making them objects of charity. Substantial aid was also rendered by the prince of
Wales, by Gladstone, Cardinal Manning, and other influential men in church and state; so that presently
factories were built and operations conducted on a larger scale.
But it was mainly through the efforts of Mrs Hart that these results were accomplished, as fully
exemplified at the Fair. Beginning on a small scale, with 50 pounds of wool weighed out on her kitchen scales,
and with £\oo worth of goods stored in the bath-room of her London home, she gradually taught, through
hand-books translated into Gaelic and a staff of instructors trained by herself in arts which she had first to
learn, the processes of spinning,
weaving, drafting, lace-making,
wood-carving, embroidering, and
dyeing, the peasantry attaining a
standard of excellence which won
for them more prizes at the Paris
Exposition of 1889 than were
awarded to any class of British
exhibitors. To this task she devoted
ten anxious and laborious years,
overcoming difficulties which to
women of common mould it would
seem impossible to surmount. The
people for whom she labored lived
in a region separated by 40 miles
of bog from the nearest railroad
station, its one narrow harbor inac¬
cessible except at times to steamers
of the lightest draft. On its barren
and rocky soil no horse plough
could be used, and even if surplus
products were raised there was no
outlet to market; for with almost impassable roads during the greater part of the year, the freight to London
on a ton of goods was five times as much as from London to New York. And yet in this region there were
100,000 inhabitants, of whom a large proportion, though honest, industrious, and always willing to learn, were
in a state of chronic destitution and not infrequently of actual starvation. Such was the district which the
patroness of the Donegal village raised from its abject condition to one of relative prosperity, while asking for
USED IN THE KELLS EMBROIDERIES
JAVANESE VILLAGE
846
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
its manufactures no more than their market value. Said the lord mayor of Dublin, while speaking on the
village green on Irish day: “We ask not for your compassion nor for your pity, but would simply place before
you articles recommended by their cheapness, their artistic beauty, and their excellent workmanship.”
In the Donegal village are so many features of interest in its artistic presentment, its industrial aspect,
and its record as a national enterprise, that it is difficult to condense into reasonable space a description of its
character and contents. The architectural designs were for the most part the result of much thought and
painstaking; but the drafting of them was the inspiration of a night, the credit for the final elaboration of the
plans being largely due to Geoffrey Hamlin
of New York. The facade as seen from
the entrance at the plaisance reproduces
the St Lawrence gate, of which the orig¬
inal has stood for six centuries or more
in the little town of Drogheda. Passing
the portcullis of the keep a view of the
village is obtained from its archway, pre¬
senting a scene that is quaint and
picturesque, and essentially Irish. Around
the green are grouped the white-washed
cottages in which are conducted the indus¬
tries fostered by Mrs Hart and taught in
her technical schools. In one of the
cottages wool is being spun into a fine
firm thread by an Irish lass, as in her home
at Gweedore, and this a weaver warps on
his frame and weaves on an antiquated
loom into the soft homespuns which have
won gold medals and highest awards at
six international exhibitions, receiv¬
ing high honors from the judges
of the World’s Fair. Elsewhere
lace-making is in progress on a
tambour frame by one of the oldest
workers for the fund, whose filmy
fabrics were carried away with
delight by the infanta Eulalia, and
have formed part of the trousseaus
of royal princesses. Here also one
of the pupils of the technical lace
school is at work on Torchon laces
of colored flax, in tints and mater¬
ials patented for the benefit of
workers, and registered under the
name of ‘ ‘ the Kells laces, ” now
largely used for the decoration of
furniture and table linen.
In the weaving cottage Kells
linens are being woven on a hand
loom, these linens, skilfully dyed by processes invented by the foundress, forming a specialty of the fund.
They are largely used as a basis for embroidery and for wall hangings and window curtains by the art schools
of Great Britain, and by firms whose business is in the line of art, They also form the basis of the famous
Kells embroideries, invented in 1884 as a new Irish industry, and for which was received a gold medal at the
International Inventions Exhibition in London in 1885, with high awards at Paris, Melbourne, and other
international expositions. In these embroideries flax is used for the material, and the polished threads are
worked on dyed and hand-made linens and woollens from designs adapted from the Century Book of Kells and
from old Keltic manuscripts. In other cottages wood carving is done by young men taken from the plough
and educated in London, these being the first Irish lads ever trained for the purpose, many of them returning
to their native villages and engaging in business for themselves.
In the banqueting hall of the old castle of the O'Donnells, as here reproduced from drawings loaned by
its present proprietor, are portieres such as adorn the walls of Windsor and Hawarden castles, their designs
selected by the queen and by the wife of William Ewart Gladstone. Here also are Irish point laces in simple
DENIZENS OF THE JAVANESE VILLAGE
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
847
and elaborate designs, with hand embroidered court dresses, vestments, altar cloths, table linen, and counterpanes,
the last of these articles resembling those which were made in France in the middle ages. There are hand¬
kerchiefs ranging in price from a few cents to #150, and there are homespun garments worn alike by Galway
market women and princesses of the blood, all these and other specimens transferred from the village factory
at'Gueedore to the Donegal village at the plaisance.
Passing into the concert room, adorned with the works of Irish artists and the portraits of those whom
Irishmen love to honor, we listen for a while to native melodies, chanted with harp accompaniment by the
sweet songsters of Erin. Then stepping forth on the village green, we find ourselves in front of the ruined
keep of Donegal castle, once the stronghold of the O’Donnells, the princes of Tyrconnel. In the garden behind
rises to a height of 100 feet the round tower, a replica of one of these curious structures built more than a
THE JAVANESE THEATRE
thousand years ago, presumably as places of refuge for the monks and their sacred vessels when Ireland was
overrun by the Danes. In this garden is also a reproduction in miniature of the Giant’s causeway, and in full
size of “the wishing chair.”
Under the shadow of Donegal castle is the Japanese bazaar, filled with bronze and lacquer work, with
fans and screens, vases and silks, figures of mythological characters, and articles of bric-a-brac such as are
exposed for sale in every city of the United States, most of them, be it observed, mere counterfeits of Japanese
art and workmanship. While in the bazaar itself there are no fictitious exhibits, there are few that cannot be
seen to better advantage in the Manufactures and other departments of the Fair. Hence it is unnecessary here
to describe them in detail.
The Javanese village beyond, known also as the Dutch settlement and the South Sea Islanders’ village,
is among the most interesting features of the plaisance. It is one whose whereabouts will not be readily
mistaken; for in front is a miniature wind-mill, such as are used in Java to scare away the myriads of birds
that infest the rice fields, emitting a volume of harsh, discordant sound altogether out of proportion to their
size. The entrance is in the form of a bamboo archway, above which is a wreath and sword combined, the
sign-manual of the old East India company. The entire village is inclosed by a ten-foot fence of bamboo, and
consists of some 46 buildings, set on blocks of wood a few feet from the ground, including a temple, two
shops where different processes of manufacture are exhibited, and in the central plaza, a tea house in which
natives serve pure Java tea, coffee, and cocoa, and a theatre whose main attraction is its dark-eyed, willowy
dancing-girls. J
From the huts occupied by Javanese workmen to the cottage of the prince yclept Raden Adnen
Soekmadilaga, the structures are of bamboo, roofed merely with rushes and bound together with fibres, but
8 4 8
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
perfectly water-tight and almost as strong as they are flexible. Each of the huts has a portico in front, where
women make silk and gold embroideries and filigree work, weave mats and baskets, and dye and stamp their
cotton goods, while men are fashioning weapons, brass ornaments, lacquer work, cigarettes, and appliances for
Javanese games. The interiors are cheerful and clean, decorated with brightly colored cloths and divided usually
by curtains. The cooking is performed in a building separated from the general living apartments, and after
each meal there is music rendered on native instruments. In the residence of the prince are richer cloths and
embroideries than are seen in most of the others, with
split bamboo matting, scorched to a.soft brown, covering the
floor. Except for this and the headquarters of the officials,
nearly all the buildings contain within them a workshop,
where the keepers sit on the bamboo floor with their
goods scattered around them. These include not only
the various manufactured articles, but small packages of
tea, coffee, spices, tin ore, gum, sandal-wood, mahogany,
ebony, and other products of the Malayan archipelago.
Curious articles made of bamboo and palm, scented roots,
rattan, cinchona, preserved fruits and insects, with models
of bridges, carriages, and household and agricultural
implements, and photographs of picturesque scenery, give
some idea of the resources of the Dutch possessions and
the capabilities of the natives.
There is a small, square temple of worship or
mosque, with the priest sitting in a box on the altar, the
roof surmounted by a minaret, whence he calls the devout
to prayer. Opposite is the theatre, the only building to
which an admission fee is charged. It is merely a large
thatched cottage, the walls inside and out being covered
with painted squares of bamboo matting. The stage,
elevated a few feet from the hall, extends across it, and
is about ten feet deep, with a series of platforms behind
it, each a yard higher than the other; these for members
of the orchestra, whose pieces consist of a violin-shaped
instrument with two strings, a small bamboo
flute, and brass and copper gongs ranging
in size from a saucer to a wash tub. Each
gong has a knob in the centre which is
struck with a stick, wound at the end with
palm fibre; but the music is simple and
sweet, differing entirely from the ear-piercing
discord of a Chinese orchestra. Especially
is it adapted to the slow, gliding movements
of the dancing-girls, who in their way are
as piquant and certainly more modest than
their western sisters of the stage. With
bare arms, shoulders, and feet, but with no
unseemly exposure of person, their slender,
lithe, and delicately rounded forms are
decked in embroidered silks and velvets,
and with bracelets and necklaces of gold.
The dances constitute a series of graceful
poses, the movements almost confined to
the portion of the body above the waist, samoans
and all having a certain dramatic or symbolic
significance. Although the dancing-girls of Java are petted and indulged in a way that would turn the heads
of most of their sex, they conduct themselves as befits maidens who are educated by the priesthood, belong to
a religious order, and are of such birth and character as to be sought in marriage by nobles and princes.
Of the eight dancing-girls engaged at the theatre four were sent by the sultan of Solo, a vassal monarch
tributary to the home government and reigning over the central part of the island, while the other four, with
the male dancers, actors, wrestlers, fencers, and kite-flyers, come from the Preanger regencies, a western
province of Java. All are in charge of Prince Adnen, who, having made three pilgrimages to Mecca, ranks as
a high priest. He is assisted by Carlo Ferrari, foreman of the village, a man who has resided in the Dutch
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
849
THE JOHORE BUNGALOW
East Indies for more than a quarter of a
century, and is there esteemed as a hunter
of renown. Among the employes are sev¬
eral from the court theatre, and the pro¬
duction here of a comedy which has held
the boards of Javanese temples of the
drama since time immemorial should be
an event in the dramatic annals of the
west. One man describes the humorous
incidents, and the other actors and act¬
resses delineate them in pantomime, the
dancing girls appearing between the acts,
as do the wiry fair featured athletes. The
last are of a superior breed to the major¬
ity of the village population, forming in
fact a race in themselves, like the pro¬
fessional athletes of Japan. From baby¬
hood they have been fed, clothed and
trained with a view to their future career,
and never marry outside their caste.
Before leaving the village, a call
should be made at the cottages of the directors, where are costly and elegant fabrics, rare works of native art, and
not a few curiosities. Here are krisses or daggers, curved and straight, with blades of absorbent steel, engraved with
dragons and set with costly jewels, handles of prec¬
ious wood and sheaths of solid gold. These are
the property of G. J. L. de Bruyn, who as manager
of the village and one of the directors, occupies
a residence adjacent to the theatre. A number
of rhinoceros’ feet are also on exposition, a por¬
tion of them fashioned into a lady’s toilet case.
In a cage just within the entrance is an orang¬
outang, all conscious of the honor conferred on
him, and near by are men armed with long poles,
to the ends of which sharp thorns are fastened,
pointing backward. These, however, are not to
guard the animal, but to represent the native
police, and should some unruly inmate get be¬
yond the control of the high priest or the
Columbian guard, he would find himself caught in their clutch, though no such
occasion was apt to arise within the peaceful confines of the Javanese hamlet.
The Samoan village or South Sea settlement across the avenue is also essentially native, the entrance
« . being in the form of a large war canoe, con¬
structed of dark redwood bound with fibres,
and as figurehead, the rude carving of a sea
god. Sails made of matting, long oars, a
wooden trough or gong, bows, arrows, axes,
and other implements of warfare are dis¬
played, while the boat itself is gashed and
seamed from hard service on the Pacific.
In front of the entrance is the house which
formerly belonged to Mataafa, the prince
who rebelled against German rule and was
deposed. It is shaped like a bee-hive, with
apex some thirty feet above ground, and is
constructed of the wood of the bread-fruit
tree, which in Samoa is proof against ants.
In this hut and in one erected in the centre
of the village, are the principal curios, which
include specimens of tapa cloth made from
pounded and tanned strips of mulberry bark,
fans, war-clubs, native ornaments, cooking
utensils, miniature canoes, cotton fabrics, and
ROUNSEVELLE WILDMAN
THE SULTAN OF JOHORE
PANORAMA OF THE BERNESE ALPS
INTERIOR TURKISH MOSQUE
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
851
various trinkets, shells, and native woods. But the most graphic feature of the exhibit is in the natives them¬
selves—men, women, and children. When the weather permits they are clad in strips of tapa cloth, as scant
as decency allows, the girls and women being decked with wreaths of flowers of which they are passionately
fond. The men sing their war songs, the casting of spears, the throwing of axes, the rush of the canoe, and
the shock of battle being depicted in the dance. The tall and by no means ill-favored women have their own
songs and dances of a festive and more pleasing nature. All sing and dance, partaking at times of kava, the
national drink, the mode of life resembling that in the Javanese village, except that there is more war in the
atmosphere. The people are clean and hospitable, and their houses, thatched with wild sugar cane, the floors
being spread with mats, are cheerful and airy. Mats, it may be here remarked, play a most important part in
TURKISH TAPESTRIES
the life of a Samoan. When a tribe goes to war the first thing to be done is to secure the mats in a place of
safety; for they descend as priceless heirlooms from family to family, and without them a bride’s dower would
be considered entirely incomplete.
The Samoan village is in charge of Henry J. Moors, an American who has lived in Samoa for a score
of years, is a master of the South Sea dialect, the confidant of the deposed Mataafa, induced the islanders to
leave their homes in Fiji, Wallis island, and Samoa, and is responsible for their safe return, the exhibit being
organized by the Oceanic Trading company, of Chicago.
Of all the foreign countries which find expression at the Fair none are better represented than Johore, a
sultanate at the southern extremity of the Malay peninsula, rich in timber and other woods, and with a soil
well adapted to the growth of rice, coffee, tobacco, sugar-cane, and other tropical products. Of the display
contained in the Agricultural building mention has already been made, and elsewhere, especially in the Johore
bungalow, occupied by the retainers of the sultan, are other exhibits, of which Rounsevelle Wildman is in
charge, forming together a complete exemplification, not only of the productions, but of the buildings, imple¬
ments, arms, dress, and customs of this cosmopolitan people, which includes besides Malays, Chinese, Javanese,
TURKISH BAZAAR
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
853
Siamese, Arabs, and Dyaks. In models are
structures of many patterns, from the rude
huts of the aboriginal Saki and Jacoons to
the palace of the rajah and the mosque
where his subjects worship. There are also
models of every form of boat used by the
aboriginal or by the modern Malay and
Chinaman, with a primitive forge and black¬
smith’s tools and household and other utensils
of quaint device. There are costumes of
many descriptions, from such as are worn by
the sultan’s company of Chinese actors to
a bridal dress and to the usual attire of the
various classes, together with the loom on
which is woven the national garment known
as the sarong. The bungalow itself was
built in Jahore, is thatched with palm and
raised several feet above ground, as is the
custom in that country for protection against
tigers, snakes, and ants. In the upper room
is the bed of a Malay rajah and the throne
on which he sits at meat.
THE TURKISH SULTAN'S SILVER BED
Passing the natatorium on the southern
side of the plaisance, we come to the pano¬
rama of the Bernese Alps contained in the
building adjacent, and as this represents, as
I have said, the sole contribution of Switzer¬
land to the department of Fine Arts, it is
worthy of more than passing mention. Cer¬
tain it is that if panoramas can ever be classed as works of art, this mammoth depiction, covering more than
6,000 square feet, is worthy of that distinction. Of Alpine paintings there is no lack, and scores of times have
the Jungfrau and the Matterhorn been placed on canvas, their beauty and sublimity, their scenic effect and
stupendous proportions rendered so far as such rendition was
possible. But here is not a single alp but an entire range of
alps; not a mere prostitution of nature to catch the eye of the
sight-seer, but an interpretation of the genius of the mountains
in all their majesty and loveliness.
By a citizen of Geneva, Henneberg by name, three Swiss
artists were chosen for the task, men of repute, but each in a
separate line of art, and forming together an excellent combi¬
nation for such an artistic enterprise. These were Eugene
Burnand, eminent as a landscape and animal painter, and per¬
fectly at home in Alpine subjects; M. Furet, also a landscape
artist, whose themes are usually chosen from the middle regions
and the plains; and Baud-Bovy who passes much of his time
in studies of local life, and especially the life of mountaineers.
By this trio were chosen four collaborators, and to these were
later added three Parisian artists. In the summer of 1891 the
party encamped on the summit of the Maennlichen alp, and
there passed several months in study and sketching; then re¬
turning to Paris, they shut themselves up in their studio, a
large circular shed, formerly used for a military panorama, and
in October of the following year the work was completed, re¬
ceiving from the ablest of critics unqualified commendation and
winning for its artificers the cross of the legion of honor.
Standing on an inner platform which here represents the
Maennlichen, its summit facing the Bernese alps and standing
like a tall promontory between the valleys of Lauterbrunnen
and Grindelwald, the spectator views, as from a belvedere, the
entire panorama of the Oberland. Here are all the most beau¬
tiful and majestic elements of alpine scenery; fields of virgin -far-away" moses
§54
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
snow;
iWK
glaciers and walls of rock, seamed with cascades or interlaced,
as with threads of silver, by the filmy veil of waterfalls; valleys and
canons furrowed by mountain torrents; grass-covered slopes and the
sombre foliage of forests, with here and there a peaceful hamlet
nestling among lush meadows and thriving orchards. Then comes
the reverse side of the picture, a spacious undulating plain, with the
village of Interlachen, the blue waters of Lake Thun, and beyond,
the dim outline of Jura, all forming a scene of surpassing loveliness
—the idyll of the pictorial drama.
But, as is remarked by Philippe Godet, laureate of the
academy, the ‘ ‘keynote of this grand
symphony is the imposing pile of
the Bernese alps, which displays it¬
self from the Msennlichen in all its
magnificence. Here is the Jungfrau,
bathing its pure brow in the ether,
to the right, the Bliimlis alp with its
finely cut profile; the broad ridges
of the Breithorn and Tschingelhorn;
to the left of the queen of the Ober
land, the Moench, with its
steeps of ice; the Eiger,
into the air its rugged silhouette
and turning its precipitous front to
the setting sun; the Schreckhorn,
huge
shooting
TURKISH WOMAN
OBELISK IN TURKISH VILLAGE
diverse and
heterogeneous
darting solitary into the blue; the
Wetterhorn, moulded and poised like
an ideal temple. At the feet of this
range of giants, the two valleys spread themselves lazily out; on the
left, Grindelwald, the silvery roofs of its chalets, its fruit trees and
ploughed fields, its dark masses of forest, scaling the steep inclines;
its cowboys, its herds of cattle white and red; its parti-coloured goats,
all basking in the sun; on the right, opening out like a bottomless
abyss, the sterner valley of Lauterbrunnen, with the Staubbach and
the White Ltitschine, hurrying to join her Black sister.’’
Perhaps the greatest charm in this half rood of canvas; for
in no smaller compass could the impression be conveyed; is the
perfect development and relation of
all the parts to one harmonious
whole, though composed of the most
elements. Even among the higher alps, where
Wetterhorn and Shreckhorn, Eiger and Jungfrau raise their snow-capped sum¬
mits thousands of feet above their neighbors, there is a certain rhythm of outline,
a balance of plane, in keeping with the design and yet a faithful reproduction
of nature’s handiwork. The verdure on their lower slopes and the landscape
vistas at their feet all add to the general effect, while a dark network of forests
affords an artistic setting for plains and valleys. “I have seen many pano¬
ramas,” said the president of the Alpine club; “but I never saw one that
impressed me so profoundly as this. I hope to see it again; since we are
assured the painting will be returned to Paris after the Columbian Exposition
for which it was intended.”
In connection with the panorama of the Bernese alps may be mentioned
that of the volcano of Kalauea, displayed in a polygonal building further to the
west of the plaisance and on the opposite side of the avenue. Over the portal
is the figure of Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of fire, its pose suggested by the A TURK IN COSTUME
well-known legend of a race wherein the goddess, being worsted by a native
prince, pursued him in a chariot of molten lava, hurling fire-brands after him as he sought refuge in the sea.
Circling the walls within are some 22,000 square feet or nearly half an acre of canvas, whereon is depicted the
inferno of the Pacific, ” the largest volcano on the face of the earth. While not without merit, it does not
compare with the other as a panoramic painting, the effect being largely produced by electric lights, pyrotechnics,
and other mechanical contrivances. The point of observation is in the very heait of the crater, and not on its
brow where thousands of travellers have stood. Gazing upward and around, the spectatoi is encompassed with
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
a hissing, bubbling sea of lava,
with tongues of flame and clouds
of steam rising from fathomless
pits to overhanging crags and
masses of rock. All this is ex¬
pressed with studied but not with
artistic realism, fragments of rock
being blended with painted cliffs
on which are dummies and painted
figures, presumably intended for
tourists, while flash-lights in vari¬
ous colors, with detonation of
bombs and crackers, imitate in
showman fashion the awful gran¬
deur of an eruption.
A ROOM WITH ORIENTAL FURNITURE
Adjacent to the Alpine
panorama is the Turkish village,
a typical exhibit of the Ottoman
empire, spread over a spacious
area and arranged in attractive
style by Robert Levy, its conces¬
sionaire, representing the firm of
Saadullah, Suhami and company,
Constantinople, llere are no an¬
tique castles, no grim weapons or
warriors, no peasants, or peasants’ homes; instead are luxurious pavilions and bazaars, a miniature mosque, a theatre,
with Turkish sedan bearers, and costly articles of furniture and decoration, all true to the life of Turkey in Europe
and Turkey in Asia. At one corner of the village stands the mosque, with its gilded dome 60 feet high and
its slender minaret rising to an equal height. It was erected by special permission of the Ottoman government
and dedicated with much pomp and ceremony, as well it might be; for this was the first time that a Moham¬
medan temple had been consecrated outside
the limits of the Mohammedan world.
On the appointed day the muezzin,
from his perch in the tall white tower, sum¬
moned the faithful to prayers and to the
dedication ceremonies. They came from all
directions, advancing in long procession some
3,000 strong, headed by a military band.
Though accompanied by native musicians
sounding their shrill pipes and discordant
drums, and by a contingent of Turks in
gorgeous uniforms over whom floated the
crimson banner of the porte, the majority of
the participants were of the Caucasian race.
Attired in scarlet fezes embroidered with the
crescent, they were popularly known as
shriners, and officially as the “Ancient Arabic
order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine,” an
organization which flourished in Turkey many
years before it gained a foothold in the
United States, the majority of those who
took part in the exercises being members of
the Medina temple of Chicago. The pro¬
cession wound through the village, the men
entering the mosque in sandals or without
substantial foot-wear, and soon all were at
prayer. In his little square shrine, hung
with rich tapestry, stood the high priest, and
behind him a row of thirteen assistants.
The ceremony was of the briefest—merely a
recitation of passages from the ritual, in
TURKISH FABRICS
-—
iANTHDMES.
CHONfFARMS
AN CASTLE AN
MUSEUM
OUTSIDE THE WALLS OF THE GERMAN VILLAGE
THE GERMAN CASTLE
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
857
which the muezzin and his brethren were the prominent figures, the congregation responding with frequent pros¬
trations, and devout exclamations of Allah! A banquet followed in an adjoining hall; a handsome Damascus
blade was presented to the Medina temple by the concessionaire, and the celebration was at an end.
Close to the mosque is the refreshment pavilion, with wide arched veranda, its interior decorated with
silken curtains and the finest of oriental
fabrics. Here are served lemonades, sher¬
bets and other Turkish drinks, with oranges,
raisins, bananas, tamarinds, and pomegran¬
ates. To the south is a small structure en¬
closing a Persian tent, 160 years old, and
formerly belonging to one of the shahs,
who pitched it many a day in the hunting
ground or the battle field. It represents an
immense amount of hand-work, the interior
being almost completely covered with figures
embroidered in silver, gold, and silk. Here
also is the sultan’s silver bed of solid metal
and most elaborately ornamented, both these
priceless treasures being guarded day and
night. Near it is a large building in which
are exhibited the manufactured and other
products of Turkey, this forming the educa¬
tional portion of the display, while in the
centre is its commercial feature, in the form
of a grand bazaar with 40 booths. Among
side view of the germah village the articles offered for sale are tapestries,
embroideries, rugs, carpets, silver-ware, fili¬
gree work peculiar to the orient, brass-ware, precious stones and jewelry, ancient arms and relics, and in a word
whatever is produced or found throughout the broad empire of the porte. Restaurants are grouped in the neigh¬
borhood, the cafe proper supplying the genuine Mocha coffee, and offering the visitor a huge water pipe filled
with native tobacco. While thus engaged, he listens to the native band, and later perhaps, visits the native
theatre, where the favorite performance is “A Wedding in Damascus,” in which, after all misunderstandings
have been settled and the wedding festivities are actually in progress, the women appear in a series of dances.
In front of the bazaar are reproductions of two ancient monuments, one, near the refreshment pavilion,
of Cleopatra’s needle, and the
other near the cafe, representing
the Serpentine column. The f
latter was fashioned of three in¬
tertwining serpents, and was
erected at Delphi to commem¬
orate the victory of Platsea. In
rear of the bazaar are cottages
in which men and women are
engaged in the manufacture of
rugs, laces, embroideries, brass-
ware, and other industries per¬
taining to the country. The
largest of these buildings is a
candy factory and salesroom, the
most popular of oriental sweets
being known as Rahat-el-Lo-
koom; that is to say, comfort of
the throat.
But attracting more atten¬
tion than anything else in the
village, is a small, white-bearded
man whom Mark Twain intro¬
duced to the world many years
ago. It is related in Innocents
Abroad how the author selected
' ^ -A
ifti
.
ENTRANCE TO THE VILLAGE
him for his guide through the narrow, tortuous streets of Constantinople.
Although he could speak English, the man was rather of tactiturn mood, and Twain was so much interested in
what he saw that he did not care to talk. Finally, after they had travelled together for a while, the latter
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
858
PERSIAN DANCING GIRL
ENGRAVING ON BRASS
asked the guide his name. “Moses,” was the reply. Now, having
always lived in Constantinople, Moses was not specially interested
in its sights, and while Twain would be
standing
before some
gorgeous mosque or bazaar, as though rooted with the intensity of
admiration, his guide would still keep plodding on. The humorist
was so often distanced in this unequal contest that he dubbed him
' ‘far-away Moses, ” and thus he was recognized by thousands who
visited the plaisance.
The Moorish palace, adjoining the Turkish village on the west,
is architecturally interesting, as of the type so familiar and once so
widely represented in Africa and Spain. Within it rugs, tiles, bronzes, swords, works of art, and curios are
sold by turbaned Moors, who also act as waiters in the local restaurant. Figures in wax give the visitor a
clear idea of a people which once played no mean part in the history of the world, and, if inclined, he may
become so entangled in an ingenious labyrinth of optical illusions as to imagine a swart-visaged Berber in every
corner. There are also about sixty groups in wax on the second floor, the figures being made in Paris, and
representing not only European rulers but historic Americans. Scattered through the building are comely women,
some in wax and others of flesh and blood, the skilful disposition of mirrors assisting to make the illusions
more complete. In a separate chamber is a grewsome sight in the form of the scaffold and guillotine used for
the execution of Marie Antoinnette, the executioner and attending officials being shown in wax. In the back¬
ground a painting represents a crowd of the proletariat gloating over her death, and near the guillotine, the
blade of which is rusted with blood, is the wicker basket ready to receive the head of the victim.
In contrast with the Moorish palace and the Javanese
colony is the German village, adjacent to the latter and
covering nearly one sixth of the northern side of the plaisance.
All the structures, 36 in number, illustrate the mediaeval archi¬
tecture of that country, and especially of Bavaria. The
visitor enters through the arched portal of a square tower,
over which is the inscription “To the Golden Tankard.”
Within, music pavilions and refreshment halls are plentiful,
Edelweiss beer served by rosy
cheeked Bavarian barmaids, with
bare, well-rounded arms, flowing
freely, not into golden tankards
but into capacious beer glasses.
Two military bands are on the
grounds, the cavalry band in white
uniforms, and the infantry in red
and blue, thus combining the na¬
tional colors of the United States.
The latter has 48 pieces and is
composed of army veterans, its
leader being Eduard Ruscheweyh,
who served in the wars with Aus¬
tria and France, and for many
years was royal musical director
of Prussia.
On the left of the entrance
ORIENTAL DANSEUSE
IN STREET OF CAIRO
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
859
are
The huge base
the
painting and
is the rich and massive fagade of a Hessian
town-hall, with carved outer staircase—the
traditional Bridal stairs. It has a high slate
roof, and over its broad gate is sculptured
on the frieze the date of erection as in the
original—“Anno Domini, 1585.” Here
several typically fur¬
nish e d peasants’
homes, with figures
in characteristic rai¬
ment and specimens
of home manufact¬
ures.
timbers and
crude
frescoes are exact
imitations, as also
are the tall windows
of stained glass, ven¬
erable in appear¬
ance. From the bal¬
cony depend f e s-
toons of woolen cloth,
spun centuries ago upon hand-looms, the simple designs worked with flaxen threads. The main body of the
hall, however, is occupied by the museum, many of its rarest articles being contained in models of colleges and
others in plain cases. The array of bronze masks and images carries one back many hundreds of years,
Bavaria contributing many curious head-dresses and jewels, with here and there a relic of Columbus’ times.
Huge silver chains and iron rings, jewelled head-gear worn by the brides of old, and antique caps of golden
braid donned by wealthy matrons stand side by side with wooden clothes-beaters and book-jacks ingeniously
carved, and huge powder flasks of bone ornamented with silver.
The museum forms a portion of a valuable ethnological collection, which is substantially completed in the
picturesque German castle towering aloft from the centre of the village, surmounted by turrets and spires, and
surrounded by palisades and moats. Reaching the entrance tower beyond a model drawbridge, the visitor may
take either of two passage-ways. Following one of them, he
comes to a large wooded garden, provided with tables and
chairs, restaurants, and pavilions for the bands already men¬
tioned. Here one may partake of viands served as at the
hotel Kaiserhof, of Berlin, to the sound of music provided by
Herman Wolff, the director of the Philharmonic society and
army inspector of Prussia.
castle, through its old sixteenth century
MARRIAGE PROCESSION
NUBIAN DANCING BOY
Entering the
THE TEMPLE OF LUKSOR
A COSMOPOLITAN THOROUGHFARE
THE FERRIS WHEEL
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
861
gateway, the visitor is confronted at the entrance to a museum of ethnology with a group in wax of the national
warriors and heroes of Germany. Around an heroic figure of Germania are the eagle-plumed Armenius; the
warlike, unlettered genius, Charlemagne; Otto the warrior churchman, who carries a cathedral in his arms;
the long-bearded Frederick Barbarossa, friend of the people, and old Kaiser William of United Germany, who
was with us in the flesh not many years ago. A foot-soldier of the Thirty Years’ war stands on either side of
Germania, and here also are representatives of Frank and Roman soldiery. The walls are covered with weapons
of early date, with flags taken from the nations against which Germany has warred, and with tapestries and
silks of the sixteenth century, when Italy with the looms of Genoa, Florence, and Venice, was in the grasp of
Germany and Spain. There are German peasants dressed in gayly colored homespun goods, tinsel, and
embroideries glistening with gold and silver threads. They are of all ages and provinces, and it is difficult to
believe that they are merely studies in still life. In the hall of Germania are lance and axe heads, arrow
PLACING THE AXLE IN THE FERRIS WHEEL
points, knives, and other weapons, utensils, and ornaments gathered from Roman and German tombs, some
crude and simple, others rudely beautiful, and all relics of the days when Teutonic tribes were warring among
themselves in the forests of Germany, as yet unbroken to the Roman yoke. These are reproductions from the
Berlin museum, mainly collected from the burial places of Saxony, Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, and Hungary,
where the ancient German tribes longest retained their primitive customs.
The chapel of the castle contains knights in full armor, with coats of mail of every variety, from the
earliest to comparatively recent times. Old and tattered banners line the walls, in company with rare etchings
and paintings. The evolution of armored suits is shown, from the crude chain breastplate to the full steel
garment with movable joints, a suit of mail inlaid with silver, bearing the royal arms of Austria, having seen
service in the Thirty Years war. The central figures of this group are two horsemen armed cap-a-pie, the
heads and bodies of their steeds being protected with heavy plates as during the sixteenth century. Above this
warlike array of the mediaeval ages, and side by side with such bloody emblems as the blue and yellow banners
of the Burgundian knights, are pictures of such artists of the period as Cranach and Bugiardini, whose themes
were tender, soft-eyed children in the arms of Christ or the madonna. Near these are the angels and symbolized
virtues which sprung from the brain and soul of Raphael.
862
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
GEORGE W. F. FERRIS
In chambers adjoining the chapel are hundreds of single and two-handed swords, with daggers, battle-
axes, guns, cross-bows, powder-horns, pistols, and combination guns and spears, grouped in cases hung upon the
walls and stacked in various devices. There are the heavy swords of the German tribes—some of them seven
feet long,—which the muscular Teutons wielded, and the
short broadswords of the Romans, more readily handled
and of superior metal. Ivory handled halberts, strangely
carved powder-flasks, daggers grooved to contain deadly
poison, cross-bows for war and the chase, some with stocks
inlaid with silver and ivory,
delicate Italian blades, stir¬
rups, helmets, and gloves
are exhibited in endless
variety. Here is a gun the
stock of which is covered
with copper and gold, car¬
ried in the sixteenth century
by a grand-duke of Bruns¬
wick. The cross of Bur¬
gundy and the chains of the
Golden Fleece appear upon
the ivory handle of an¬
other, and the sun-wheel
of the old German pagans
flames upon sword hilts not far removed from those which
bear the Christian cross. A sword with pistol attachment
is the weapon which Von Hutten bore when he came to
arrest his friend Martin Luther, and near by is the spur
’ ■> r SECTION OF WHEEL WITH CAR
of Charlemagne and a box that belonged to the elector
of Saxony. Each treasure has a history and is of unquestionable authenticity, the entire collection being so
arranged as to show the evolution of arms, the evolution of armor being illustrated in the chapel and of national
costumes in Germania hall.
Near the Hessian town-hall are the typical homes of the peasantry, each one large enough to contain the
horses, cows, pigs, and fodder, in addition to its human inmates, the ground floor serving for stalls and stables,
the first floor for family use, and the hay loft above all. A fantastic specimen of architecture is the flaring
roof of a cottage in the Black forest, which descends like the wings of a brooding hen almost to the ground.
In winter when the forest is wrapped in a mantle of snow, this cottage is turned into a factory, where painted
wooden villages with wonderful figures of quadrupeds and human beings play the leading part. The West¬
phalian house is stately and cathedral-like in
comparison, having a high pointed roof
thatched with straw, and above the gable,
horses’ heads carved in wood, the tribal
symbol of the ancient Saxons. Through its
half opened horizontally divided doors comes
the pungent aroma of a Westphalia ham as
it is carried from the smoke chamber.
Diagonally opposite is the Upper Bavarian
house of pronounced highland type, with
carved doors and window frames,- green
shutters and wide verandas, with the cross
surmounting the gable, closely resembling a
Swiss cottage. More rudely constructed is
the Spree Forest log farm-house, its gable
rafters bearing carved heads of wolves which
proclaim that its ancient inmates were the
fierce and warlike Vandals.
The German village comes nearer to
being an expression of national sentiment
than any exhibit made by the empire.
machinery that turns the wheel The P ro J ect was warmly supported by the
government, and the list of its attractions is
included in the official catalogue issued by the German commissioners. For this unique and interesting display,
credit is due to Ulrich Jahn, of Charlottenburg, a pupil and friend of Professor Virchow. With the financial support
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
863
of the German and national banks of Berlin, he organized a company styled the German Ethnographical
Exhibition, with a capital of nearly $400,000, C. B. Schmidt of Omaha being placed in charge of the enterprise
in Chicago. The ethnological exhibits are valued at many times that amount, the museum of armor and arms
alone being estimated at $1,000,000. This collection is the result of fifteen years of labor on the part of Richard
Zschille, a town councillor of Grossenheim, near Dresden, and a friend of the king of Saxony. The plan and
scope of the entire display were matured with the assistance of a committee of artists and scientific men, such
men as Professor Virchow, rector of the university of Berlin; Baurath Wallot, the architect of the new
German Reichstag building; Eugene Bracht and Von Eleyden, celebrated painters; A. Voss, director of
the Royal Ethnographic museum, and Cohn, Siemens and Magnus, the Berlin bankers. The architectural
plans were made under the direction of Carl Hoffacker, a professor in the Berlin Art academy, and the village
was built by the firm of Philip Holzmann and company of Frankfort-on-the-Main, all the wood-work being of
German material.
Few nations have developed their inner culture more fully than the German empire. Though many tribes
may have broke loose from the strong ties of the ancient Germanic family, each adhering tenaciously to tribal
peculiarities of thought and custom, there nevertheless has obtained among them all a unanimity of sentiment,
a warm instinct of kinship, which has at last ripened into the empire of United Germany. As the tribal
peculiarities are in no par¬
s'. ticular more sharply manifest
than in variety of costume
and domestic architecture, the
management of the German
WMm&mktK . 1 M
■ < - ,
MODEL OF ST PETER’S
Zodpraxiscopic hall is
the building of formidable
name in which are given
illustrated lectures on animal
locomotion as applied to art.
The discourses and the pic¬
tures are both entertaining
and instructive, and through
them one may learn surpris¬
ing facts as to animals in
motion and the positions
which they assume. Investi¬
gation in this line is a spe¬
ciality which has been pursued
within comparatively recent
years, among the most prom¬
inent of those who have
engaged in it being Ottomar Anschuetz, of Lissa, Prussia, whose tachyscopes are exhibited in the Electricity
building, and Eadmund Muybridge, who displays some of his results in the hall on the plaisance. With
photographic apparatus so perfected that an exposure of one ten-thousandth part of a second is sufficient for a
truthful impression, the labors of such men have been prolific of results. The step of a man in the act of
walking has been photographed at various points of motion, as well as the jumping and galloping of a horse,
the climbing of a monkey, and the flight of a bird, with its motions upon the ground. Thus long established
ideas which have obtained even among the most observant artists have been corrected, these investigations
being of interest and value to the scientist as well as to the world of art.
Adjoining this exhibition is the Persian palace, which reproduces a portion of the royal residence of the
shah of Ispahan, the large hall on the first floor being decorated with all the richness of coloring characteristic
of Peisian taste. On the second floor are a restaurant and tea house, the beverage being brewed in large urns
and containing floating slices of lemon, as in Russia. In various booths near by are weavers of carpets, rugs,
shawls, and plain and striped silks, for which the Persians are famous. There are also makers of satins,
brocades, and velvets, manufacturers of bronze work, engravers in brass and other metals, cutters and polishers
of gems, and those who prepare the candies and sweetmeats of which Persian women love to partake. Although
the cafe contains, besides its black-eyed waiters, a number of dancing-girls, there is a special hall in another
part of the palace, in which are entertainments of a questionable character. In the theatre a troop of men
suppJy the amusements, performing in a small pit, where magicians thrust knives and swords into various portions
of the body, and athletes, tall and swarthy, swing clubs, wrestle, and lift and throw heavy weights. These with
village has fully illustrated,
and in most graphic and inter¬
esting form, these phases of
national life.
864
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
sleight-of-hand men, merchants, waiters,
danseuses, artisans, and others, number
about seventy, and make the Persian build¬
ing a lively place for those who care for
such entertainments.
Beyond it, to the north, are the
manifold sights and noises of the street
in Cairo, whose plastered walls, irregular
buildings, and babel of sounds do not at
first create an agreeable impression, though
when the picture is examined in detail,
the contrast between the unsightly and the
picturesque is not without interest. The
principal entrance is through the broad,
low, eastern portal, where at once the
visitor finds himself in the ancient African
city. Here from the brick courtyard and
the tiny booths one gazes down the street,
with its curious bay-windowed houses, and
bazaars on either side, and above, the
graceful minaret of the mosque. Visitors
are scattered more plentifully among the
Arabs, merchants, Soudanese, donkey boys, performing monkeys, and snake charmers, than in Cairo itself; but here
is a thoroughfare on which are people of many races and proclivities. Arabs, Soudanese, Egyptians, and Europeans
have all their separate quarters in Cairo; but in the city as in the street they sometimes wander abroad amid the
cosmopolitan throng. It is when the wedding or the birthday procession passes along that the populace turns
out in force and conjurers, astrologers, snake charmers, and dancers strive to win admiration and reward. The
wedding procession is of daily occurrence, pert Arabian and Soudanese children running ahead as heralds, and
IN THE AUSTRIAN VILLAGE
OLD VIENNA
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
865
m
m 'AT ATATTrA a ;
AAA(AA :AA-' : y^A AH:: '
il .
NEAR THE CHINESE QUARTER
the torch-bearer waving aloft his sign of office. The oriental band brays in honor of the event, which is
succeeded by a parade of donkeys and half-naked wrestlers, while swordsmen with scimitars and shields indulge
in special contests of skill. Jesters, mounted upon camels and fantastically dressed, slap each others’ faces, and
do as would their brothers at Barnum’s or Forepaugh’s circus, while after all comes the central figure amid the
commotion—the coy bride, hidden under a rose-colored canopy, preceded
by her bridesmaids and an unladen camel gorgeously caparisoned.
The mosque, around which
swarms so much of this heterogene¬
ous throng, is a substantial counter¬
part of that of the sultan Kait Bey,
all save the minaret, which is a re¬
production of the tower above the
mosque of Abou Bake Bazhar. The
massive doors of this house of wor¬
ship are rich in metallic ornamenta¬
tions and gorgeous in coloring.
Entering the sanctuary the scene is
one of oriental splendor, softened
by the graceful draperies and the
mellow light shed by its many
pendent lamps. Regular services
are held every Friday at noon,
but five times daily the priest
from the gallery of the minaret
summons the faithful to prayer.
At daybreak, just after high-
entrance to Chinese village and theatre noon, in the middle of the
. :
TEA HOUSE~
866
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
afternoon, immediately after
sunset, and at nightfall is
heard the chant: “God is great;
God is great. There is only
one God, and Mohammed is
his prophet. Let us pray; let
us begin. God is great; God
is great.”
Across the street from
the mosque is the restored
dwelling of one Gamal-el-Din-
el-Yahbi, a rich Arab of the
seventeenth century. Its
facade is more elaborate, and
its balconies, which extend
from the upper stories, are
larger than are found in the
average residence. The doors
are inlaid with ivory and ex¬
quisitely carved, while the
gilded ceilings, mosaics, elab¬
orate draperies, and beautiful
rugs which adorn the living
apartments tell of luxury if not
of refinement. Beyond this.
aristocratic mansion is a long
row of shops and dwellings—
bazaars below, and living apart¬
ments above—a turn in the
street leading to a marble
pavilion, its lower story pierced with arched windows, while above are light arcades covered with arabesques
and crowned with balconies. In the Kuttab or mosque school the children are taught to read the koran, and
there is a model school in operation, the upper room of which is thrown open to visitors as a convenient
observatory. Near by is a handsomely decorated theatre, where dark-eyed Egyptian girls in gauzy garments,
with great golden ornaments in their head-dresses and tiny cymbals upon their fingers, dance in dangerous
proximity to sharp swords and lighted candles. The semi-circular stage is lined with divans and on either side
are richly curtained rooms, these for the dancers .and musicians.
Through the handsomest portal in the street one passes into the Okaka, a quadrangular court or arcade.
Here is the commercial quarter or exchange, more pretentious than the place where shopmen spread their wares,
in what are little more than niches in the house walls. On all sides
of the court are pointed arches, one above the other, every quarter of
the Nile country contributing to the varied and picturesque display.
Ivory, jewelry, pottery, and brasswork, embroidery, ancient gold and
silver coins, Soudanese arms and draperies, mummies, beetles, na¬
tional costumes, lotus soap, toilet appliances, and myriads of house¬
hold articles are offered by merchants in gay attire, both goods and
salesmen adding to the architectural attractions of the court. Many
of the articles here contained are being manufactured in the houses,
where are makers of slippers, silk-weavers at their looms, fez and
tent-makers, embroiderers, smiths fashioning the filigree work of the
Soudan, potters turning and decorating jars, candy makers, manu¬
facturers of musical instruments, and carvers of wood, ebony and
ostrich eggs.
A noted character in Cairo street is Hadj Hamud Nuir, a fortune¬
teller and descended from a long line of seers, the first of his family
sitting in the shade of the sphinx and bidding Egyptian damsels
beware of white men who came to them from the Red sea with
promises which they never intended to fulfil. He is a dignified per¬
sonage, but somewhat eccentric in his habits, conning his books during
the witching hours of night, when all others are sound asleep.
Around the court in the west end of the street are the ancient temple
of Luxor and the section given over to Soudanese and Nubians. The
CHINESE IDOL
JOSS HOUSE
ALGERIAN AND TUNISIAN VILLAGE
868
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
AN ALGERIAN HOME
temple is a close copy of the one near Thebes,
built about 1,400 B. C., and afterward the
principal seat of ancient worship. Two obelisks
stand in front, the exterior walls being painted
to represent the warlike deeds of the Rameses,
during whose dynasty the glory of the ancient
faith was restored. The third monarch of
that line is also represented by two mighty
figures at the entrance, and the inner walls
are depictured with events in the lives of the
Pharaohs, whose dried and embalmed remains
are represented in rows of cases which extend
to the altar of Isis at the farther end of the
hall. Rameses III is first in the line of
mummies, and back of the altar are the tombs
of Thi and Apis the Sacred Bull.
North of the temple are the Soudanese
and Nubians, living in bark huts, oval in shape and thatched with split reeds or corn-stalks. The former, with
their sword dances and mimic contests with long-bladed weapons, revive memories of the campaign undertaken
for the relief of General Gordon. A large portion of the contingent came from Khartoum or its vicinity, and
within the walls of Cairo street is one who performs a warlike dance in which the long Egyptian gun, often
levelled at the soldiers of the British army, is handled with telling effect. The dancing of girls and children, some
of the latter little more than infants, is merely a series of writh-
ings and contortions offensive to taste and disgusting to look
upon. The Boushreens are the most savage of the tribes whose
representatives come from Soudan, while the Nubians appear
to conform more to the appear¬
ance and costumes of the Egyptians.
The women have pendants of gold
and silver in their ears, such as are
worn by their sisters farther to the
north, with an abundance of brace¬
lets around arms and ankles.
About midway in the plais-
ance, and the most conspicuous ob¬
ject therein, is the mechanical won¬
der of the Fair, one that is to the
Columbian Exposition what the
Eiffel tower, yet standing in the
Champs de Mars, was to the Paris
Exposition of 1889. This is the
Ferris wheel, named after its arti¬
ficer, G. W. G. Ferris, president of
a Pittsburg engineering firm whose
specialty is the construction of
bridges. It was not until Decem¬
ber, 1892, that the concession was granted, and in the following
month the materials used were still in the form of rough lumber
and pig iron; on the 20th of March ground was broken for the
foundations, and on the 20th of June the completed wheel began Algerian peasant
to revolve. The structure consists of two wheels some 30 feet
apart and connected by iron rods and struts, which nowhere come within 20 feet of the periphery. It is 320
feet in circumference and 30 in width at the outer rim, rising from a platform raised 15 feet above the
ground. The rim of each wheel is composed of a curved, hollow frame of iron, within which is another wheel
with lighter frame. In the centre of the circle is the iron axle on which it turns, nearly three feet thick and
43 in length, the entire mass resting on a pyramidal framework at either side, and held together by steel rods,
extending in pairs from the axle to the circumference, where they are 13 feet apart. Viewed at a distance
these rods appear like spider webs, giving to the fabric, with its freight of human beings, a dangerous and
unsubstantial aspect; but more clearly to explain its mechanism, it may be stated that the interior portion of
the wheel is constructed as in a bicycle, with the difference that the former hangs by its axle while the
latter rests on the ground.
A lady of high degree
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
869
ALGERIAN OFFICIALS
Ascending a broad staircase, the visitor passes
through a doorway, between two iron beams, into a
cheerful looking apartment with plate glass windows,
and on either side, rows of revolving chairs. Except
that the windows are barred with iron gratings, and
that above are other chambers poised in air, he
would not know that he is already on one of the
cars of the Ferris wheel; but so it is. Of these cars
there are six and thirty, with iron, wood-covered frame,
each 27 feet long, 13 in width, and 9 in height, with
a weight of 13 tons and seating accommodation for
40 passengers. All are connected with the outer rim
by an axle which passes through the roof, the wheel
being moved by cogs and the motive power furnished
by a steam engine, with other machinery resembling
that of the power-house of a cable car company.
Presently is heard the click of a latch, and
with a slight creaking sound, but almost without perceptible motion, except
what is apparent to the eye, the car starts on its twenty minutes’ trip.
At first the passenger may not be perfectly at ease, though assuming an
air of careless unconcern; but in each compartment is a conductor, who by
calling attention to objects of interest, banishes the fear of what might
happen should the car break loose from its moorings and launch into space.
Apart from a little rattling of windows and a gentle swaying motion, as of
a vessel rocked on a summer sea, there is nothing to unsettle the nerves of
woman or child, though on the first voyage many close their eyes. As
the ascent is made, one first looks down on the roofs of the plaisance
villages, and then toward the north, the south, and west the great mid¬
continent metropolis lifts into vision in fleeting and kaleidoscopic vistas.
Eastward are the temples of the Fair; beyond, the blue waters of Michigan;
and still beyond, the opposite shores of the lake, some 50 miles away, are
dimly outlined on the horizon. As the huge, revolving orb approaches the
apex of the circle, the mammoth structures of Jackson park dwindle into
liliputian proportions, the park itself into a plaza, and its throng of sight¬
seers into a pygmean host. Then from an elevation of 250 feet, almost
on a level with the summit of the dome which crowns the Administration
building, the descent is smoothly made, and the visitor has completed his
initial tour on the Ferris wheel.
By night the trip is even more attractive; for the great wheel is ablaze with 2,500 electric lights attached
to the outer rim, to the inner circle, to the spokes, the portals, the enclosing fence, and wherever else such
lights could be placed to advantage. Far above
the myriads of lamps that illumine the city of
the Fair, towers' this rainbow of revolving light,
seen afar on prairie and lake, like the bow of
scientific promise set athwart the blackness of
the night. As with the entire Exposition, by
day its aspect is imposing; by night it is beau¬
tiful, with an almost supernatural beauty, as
though in this Midway plaisance with its nonde¬
script buildings, its babel of tongues, its dis¬
cordant music, and raucous outcries, were placed
by way of contrast a glimpse of fairyland, a
vision of the Arabian Nights.
As to the mechanical part of this stupen¬
dous fabric it may further be said that, while
itself of no great practical value, it is a step
forward and a very decided step, in the science
of engineering. Both in the Eiffel tower and the
Ferris wheel are more or less adapted the princi¬
ples of the cantilever bridge; but while the former
was merely a bridge set on end, the latter was
Algerian musicians a bridge whose extremes were united in the form
A TUNISIAN VIOLINIST
870
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
DAHOMEANS
A SOUTH SEA ISLAND GIRL
of a revolving circle, in a structure solid and safe in every com¬
ponent part, with a total weight of more than 1,100 tons, aside
from its supports, and yet with workmanship in parts almost
as delicate as that of a chronometer. When a novelty was
demanded for the Columbian Exposition, one that should be at
least as striking and original as the tower, many plans were
submitted, but none that fulfilled the conditions. Then it was
that the Pittsburg engineer bethought him of bis wheel, which while serving as a medium of observation for
passengers, would stand as one of the architectural monuments of the Fair. To insure its safety, each bolt
and beam, each rod and girder was thoroughly tested, and the strain at every point was calculated with the
utmost nicety. Early in the season a hurricane with a velocity of 100 miles an hour passed through the
structure without the least symptom of damage, save that on the night of the hurricane the cars ran some¬
what bare of passengers.
Within the shadow of this mechanical triumph of the Exposition stands a small wooden building which
contains a model of the Eiffel tower, 20 feet in height, with a miniature representation of its environment.
In this were used 650,000
pieces ui iViCLcii, 5.5 lii LiiC
tower itself, the elevators be¬
ing in constant motion, while
1,000 incandescent lights
are displayed on the model
and on the miniature grounds
and streets adjacent. Groves
of trees are woven in silk,
and at the foot of the struc¬
ture an electric fountain plays
from a basin of marble
decorated with statues and
vases, the entire reproduc¬
tion being true to the orig¬
inal, and costing as is said
$100,000 to place it in
Jackson park.
Among the most in¬
teresting structures in the
plaisance, though one that
appears somewhat out of
place in this pleasure ground
of the Exposition, is a
model of St Peter’s, an ex¬
act reproduction of that
AN ESKIMO BABY
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
871
monumental edifice on the scale of about one sixtieth of the original. Begun in the sixteenth century, the
model was completed in the eighteenth, from drawings by Michael Angelo, San Gallo, Bramante, and other
architects and artists of world-wide repute. After being in possession of several of the pontiffs, it became the
property of Ludovic de B. Spiridon, by whom it was tendered for exhibition purposes. It is 30 feet in length,
15 in width and height, and constructed of carved wood covered with a substance closely resembling marble.
All the more imposing features, together with the minutest details, are faithfully reproduced. There is the great
dome, 630 feet in circumference and more than 300 above the roof, completed in 1590 in the pontificate of
Sisto V, who kept 600 men at work upon it day and night at an annual outlay of 100,000 golden crowns.
Beneath it is the canopy above the high altar and the tomb of St Peter, weighing nearly 100 tons and fashioned
of bronze stripped from the
Pantheon. There are the
cap ell as Clementina and
della Pieta; the chapels of
the Holy Sacrament and
the Madonna, and the sac¬
risty which Pio VI erected,
with its fluted pillars from
Hadrian’s villa. In the
centre of the court inclosed
by the colonnade is an
Egyptian obelisk, 130 feet
high, and carved from a
single piece of solid marble.
There is the vast, central
nave, with its imposing
arches and aisles, its shrines
and sanctuaries, and near
the central door, the slab
of marble on which the
Roman emperors were
crowned; all these and other
features reproduced in
miniature from this master¬
piece of mediaeval architec¬
ture, the execution of which cost
$60,000,000 and extended over the
reign of three and forty pontiffs.
In the building which contains
the model are portraits of the popes
from Gregory IX to Leo XIII; with
the coats of arms of pontiffs and
cardinals. There is a fac-simile of
the bronze statue of St Peter, near
which in miniature is Trajan’s column
from the Roman forum which bears
his name. Of other cathedrals,
chapels, and monuments there are
also models, as of the cathedral of
Milan, m dimensions second only to St Peter’s and with no superior in architectural and decorative scheme.
The St Agnese church is here, erected by Innocenzo X in 1664, and there is the pantheon that Agrippa
completed a few years before the Christian era, and which Boniface IV consecrated in 609. By night the
entire fabric is illuminated with incandescent lights, and in attendance are men armed and uniformed in exact
imitation of the Vatican guards.
IN THE LAPLAND VILLAGE
Second in interest to the German village, and second only, is the Austrian village, or as it is more
commonly termed, “Old Vienna,” reproducing in part its ancient market place, with portions of the wail that
encircled the city and one of its gates, flanked by gray towers and guarded by a portcullis. Opposite the
entrance-way is the rondello, the original of which was erected in 1622, and so-called from its large low windows
built in the form of towers, a typical feature in Austrian architecture, and one largely adopted even at the
present day. A conspicuous object is a model of the rathhaus or town-hall, completed in 1799, and one of the
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
872
oldest structures in the metropolis. There is a church where services are held as at home, and there are some
thirty houses and stores, representing, with the aid of carpentry and scene painting, the fronts of venerable
buildings, so far at least as the exteriors are concerned. A clever architectural delusion is created by painted
stucco fronts, with inscriptions in old German and Roman text. On one of them, on a dark background inclosed
in scroll work, is the inscription, “Ano D. M. 1587.” On another, bearing the date of 1590, is a picture of
children at play, and on a third a virgin and child are surrounded by a halo of glory, beneath them the words
“Soli Deo Gloria.”
A feature of Old Vienna is its restaurants and cafes, its beer garden, and its daily concerts by the
emperor’s band. Near the entrance is a favorite resort conducted by the owner of vineyards whose products
are of European celebrity. At the western end is a cafe where the infanta Eulalia partook of refreshments
served by a former apprentice to the court confectioner at Buda-Pesth. On the southern side is a booth where
the Voslau-Goldeck wines are displayed, a favorite brand among the clubs and hotels of the United States.
The beer garden is somewhat of a novelty, occupying three sides of a square, with tables scattered around a
music stand, with bill of fare in German script, and Viennese waiter-girls of whom none can speak a word of
English. Each one carries a satchel strapped to her waist-band in which her money is kept, and as flirting or
conversation with guests is forbidden, the only rivalry is as to the number of glasses of beer which each one
can carry without spilling their contents. The shops are stored with articles of jewelry and bric-a-brac, one of
them especially displaying excellent workmanship in gold and silver, enamel and rock crystals.
In the rathhaus several of the chambers are fitted up as a museum of the Hellenic period, and here are
portraits in wax nearly 2,000 years old, exhumed not many years ago from Egyptian mausoleums. The pictures
come from the tombs of Rubijat in the ancient province of Memphis, where, after his conquest of Egypt in the
year 320 B. C., Alexander left behind him artists whose names have perished but whose works survive. They
are uniform in size, about 14 by 8 inches, and though merely executed on thin boards in colors of wax, probably
laid on with knives or other steel implements, are not without artistic qualities. In Berlin they excited much
interest and were widely copied, one of the foremost of German artists remarking, “We can paint as well, but no
better.” But not all are of equal merit, some being the crudest of amateur productions, and a defect that is
noticeable in most of them is the exaggerated size of the eye, due to over-coloring of the lids with a view to
increase the effect.
The subjects represented are of course unknown, some being portraits of Egyptian and others of Syrian
and Phoenician personages; but as a rule of light complexion and of no special race type. Among the best is
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
873
one of an aged man of earnest, intellectual features, lustrous eyes, and finely chiselled mouth, on his shoulder
the stripe which is often noticed in pictures unearthed from Pompeiian ruins. This was copied by Meissonier,
who pronounced it one of the finest portraits he had seen. Another painting is of a priest of Isis, on his breast
the golden badge worn by the dignitaries of that ancient order. A third is of Cleopatra, as represented on the
faces of Egyptian coins and with features almost as homely. More comely of aspect is the head of a girl, with
symmetric outline and head-dress of purple, showing that the wearer belonged to some family of exalted rank.
Finally there are small wooden boards which served as tomb-stones for mummies, inscribed with Greek characters
such as were used in the second century of the Christian era.
Adjacent on the east to the Austrian village is the Chinatown of the Fair, containing under one roof a
bazaar, restaurant, theatre, museum, joss-house, and elsewhere, a .tea house and garden. The building is of
typical Chinese architecture, 150 by 100 feet, 80 in height, with bell-shaped towers and minarets painted in
ARABIAN HORSEMEN
prismatic colors, beginning with the violet hue of the rainbow. In the bazaar are silks and embroideries, toilet
appliances and table ware, with other articles such as are offered for sale in Chinese stores of the better class.
In the restaurants meals are served in Mongolian or American style, the former including many strange but not
unpalatable dishes, prepared and cooked in mysterious fashion. Here one may partake of the regular fare of
the Chinaman; a dish of rice and vegetables, with perhaps a few small pieces of meat or fish; or he may
order an elaborate dinner, with courses innumerable and savory, tempting viands, so they be not too closely
scrutinized.
But the theatre is the centre of attraction; not for its amusements, its acting, or its equipments; for in
these there is little worthy of note; but for the oddity of the performance and for the nature of its themes.
In China, as in ancient Greece, the drama is a national and in part a religious institution, controlled by law
and forming a prominent factor in religious festivals. Most of the plays are of an historic character, but with'
little attempt at delineation of character, and with nothing of psychological interest. As in Chinese literature,
the pervading tone is morbid and ultra-pessimist, virtue in woman and honor in man being conceded only to a
few. But this may be no very unjust aspersion; for here, as has been said, “is a country where the seat of
874
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
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rm
,
THE ARABIAN HORSE AIGME
lightning change artists
honor is the stomach; where
the roses have no fragrance and
the women no petticoats; where
the laborer has no Sabbath and
the magistrate no sense of in¬
tegrity. ”
Six months is no unusual
time for the acting of a Chinese
drama, even with daily perfor¬
mances; but as this represented
the entire term of the Fair, the
plays must of course be con¬
densed. No scenery is used,
and each actor appears to be
his own manager and his own
property man; so that on this
mimic stage, as on the stage
of life, it is the unexpected that
always happens. Beards are a
feature in the performance,
good men wearing long white
switches, and those who are
evil disposed appearing in
whiskers of brown. But these
are changed as occasion re¬
quires, especially for “blood
and thunder” effect. The lead¬
ing players are what are termed
all the garments needed for their several parts and changing them as required.
Thus a man transforms himself from a hero into a villain by simply discarding his suit of blue and standing
revealed in green, while a mandarin of the red button who is about to personate an angel, does so by merely
changing his pantaloons. A soldier appears on the stage intent on rescuing his betrothed from a band of
Tartars, and presently comes to a river which he can only cross by swimming. For this he prepares by stripping
to his under-garments, and after standing for a moment as though posing for the nude, ducks his head and
disappears through a convenient exit. A moment later he is seen in front of the footlights, dripping with water,
and resuming his attire and his
armor, sets forth with waving
sword in pursuit of the foe.
No women appear on the
stage, these being represented
by female impersonators in rai¬
ment of gorgeous hue, their
cheeks thickly coated with pink
and white paint, and on their
lips the same meaningless,
stereotyped grin. The leading
impersonator is a man of na¬
tional repute, with intelligent
features and searching glance,
swift and bright as the falcon’s.
Pang is
his name, and at this
so-called Wah Mee opera house
Pang does very much as he
pleases; the more so as there is
no call boy and no cue save
that which dangles from his
head. Seated on a box; for
chairs are no part of the prop¬
erty, he leisurely smokes his
cigarette while chatting with his
fellow histrions. Presently be¬
thinking him that it is time to
ARAB GIRL ON CAMEL
TOWARD THE EAST OF THE PLAISANCE
876
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
appear on the stage, he slowly discards his attire and arrays himself in female garb. Then proceeding to the
mirror, he contorts his features into the required expression, and wetting his palms transfers to his face with
nimble touch the pigments placed before him. Finally he dons his wig, gives his skirts a final shake, and a
moment later his high falsetto voice is ringing through the Chinese theatre.
That ‘ ‘the religion of God is one, but the religions of man are many ” was never more forcibly exemplified
than in the Midway plaisance, and especially in the Chinese joss-house, with its multitudinous idols and graven
images, suggestive not only of Confucianism but of Buddhism and Taoism. Joss is the central figure, and there
are many josses, the chief one occupying the post of honor enthroned in hand-embroidered robes. In front of
him are incense burners, cups of tea for him to drink, calabashes of water for his toilet, and vases filled with
huge artificial roses, while prayers and praises are inscribed on the sides and background of the dais. Lions
and griffins guard the doors and keep watch beside the shrines; and illustrating episodes in Chinese history are
A WARLIKE ARAB
figures in wood and clay, with lanterns in many fantastic forms. Here and in another gallery is a collection of
curiosities, with literature and works of art, or art applied to objects of common utility. Among them is the
great dragon of China, 36 feet long and mounted on a pedestal, with mirror-like eyes and scales of burnished
brass. Then there are umbrellas for the josses, with other appliances for their comfort and protection. On a
large screen is shown a plough of primitive pattern, fashioned of two bent pieces of timber, with share of wood
roughly tipped with iron, and harness of plaited grass fitted to the heads of oxen. A scythe for cutting rice,
shaped like the letter V, and with a blade on one of its sides, is a no less ancient implement, one probably in
use at least four centuries before the Columbian era. Finally there is the most expensive flag on the grounds,
costing, it is said, #3,000, hand-embroidered in silk, and designed for presentation to the emperor.
On the opposite side of the plaisance is the Algerian and Tunisian village, where are reproductions in
miniature of streets and bazaars, with fountains and ornamental gardens, a concert hall, a Moorish cafe, a
Kabyle hall, and the houses and tents of Arabs. Most of the buildings are covered with tiles imported from
northern Africa and richly glazed and colored; in many are embroidered hangings and other interior decorations,
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
877
GENTLEMEN ARABS
ARAB CHIEF
and in not a few, music is rendered by native
artists on instruments of native manufacture.
Of the two concessionaires one is a medallist
of all the international expositions held since
1865, winning at Paris in 1889 the highest
award for an exhibit of similar character.
In the bazaars are many curiosities side
by side with most of the commodities known
to the world of commerce, from gems and
jewelry to long barrelled muskets and old
fashioned flint-lock pistols. There are scimi¬
tars whose finely tempered blades are damas¬
cened in gold with passages from the koran,
and whose hilts are aglow with precious stones.
Of daggers there is a wonderful collection in
every conceivable pattern, from such as are
worn as ornaments to those intended for more
deadly work, some of them poisoned and kept
in a case by themselves. There are brocades
embroidered with silver and gold; the daintiest
of cushions and table-covers with tracings arabesqued in golden threads; laces of film-like fineness, and tissues
tasselled and tinted in every hue. In one of the tents cotton cloth is being woven by native women seated on
the floor, and elsewhere jewellers are at work, fashioning rings and bracelets. Perfumery, with attar of roses,
sweetmeats, and seraglio pastilles are offered by dark-eyed damsels swart of complexion but shapely of form;
these and many other articles intended to delight the eye and deplete the purse.
Around a Bedouin camp, suggestive of desert life, camel drivers are shouting at their stubborn beasts,
which refuse to rise when too heavily burdened. Not far away snake-charmers are swearing by Allah that their
serpents are the deadliest of their kind. Conjurors are prepared to measure their skill against all others of
their calling, one of them a dark Kabyle Arab making his lunch on living coals of fire. There are swordsmen
and swordswomen, two of the latter also from Kabyle, each fencing with a scimitar in either hand, and picking
a card from the girdle of her lightly-clad opponent without symptom of injury or fright. Entering the cafe,
richly furnished in oriental fashion, the visitor may partake of light refreshments, as ices, confections, and
cooling drinks; but here no intoxicating liquors are sold, and there are none within the village.
The concert hall is the favorite resort; not for its music but for its dancing-girls, who are beauties in
their way, though with strongly marked features and somewhat too plump of outline. Their attire is modest
and not without elements of the picturesque; for the Algerian dancing-girl wears clothes, much more of them
at least than the Parisian coryphee, and here
is no unseemly display of tightly hosiered
limb. Most of them are attired in skirts
that reach to the ankle, with loose em¬
broidered waists of silk and bolero jackets
spangled with tinsel ornaments. From a
bench where all are seated side by side with
the orchestra, one of the damsels steps
forward and begins to dance, swaying her
lithesome form in rhythmical fashion, at
first slowly and then in accelerated mea¬
sure. As the orchestra warms to its work
her figure appears to tremble and undulate,
as though in an ecstasy of delight; for the
motion is rather of the body than of the
feet, yet agile and far more graceful than
the pirouetting of a premiere. As a rule
only one girl dances at a time, each intro¬
ducing some special feature, while the rest
look on with critical eye and applaud when
sioux chieftains applause is deserved. Among the most
pleasing is the scarf dance, where the per¬
former waves scarfs above her head while posing in symmetrical attitudes. But there are other dances, as the
sword dance and the torture dance, the latter executed by men, too revolting to be witnessed or described.
Dahomey has a village on the plaisance in the form of a hollow square adjoining Old Vienna, its huts
built in native fashion, with rough mud walls thatched with the bark and boughs of trees and with wooden
878
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
floors and windows. There is little furniture in these rude habitations and there is not a single pane of glass,
the inhabitants sleeping on the floor rolled in skins or coarse blankets of home manufacture. One of the huts,
an open structure, serves as kitchen and dining-room, where men and women take their meals al fresco. Here
is a modern cooking stove—about the only thing that is modern amid this African
community. Other buildings serve at once
lives the village blacksmith, whose principal
as workshops and dwellings. In one
business is the sharpening of spear
heads and the repairing of the spikes which protrude from Dahomean war-clubs.
This he does seated squat on the ground in
man is stooping over his embroidery; for in
the women, if not nursing their babies, going
front of his domicile. Elsewhere a
Dahomey this is the work of men,
forth
fight.
open
strangest
CHIEF RAIN-IN-THE-FACE
to till the soil or to
In the centre of the enclosure is the theatre, if such can be called a large,
shed, unwalled, with thatched roof and floor of rough planking. Here is the
all the spectacular wonders of the plaisance. At one end
are grouped the musicians, all of them Dahomeans, all lean and lank, and all
supremely hideous. They wear nose and ear-rings of metal, and as little clothing
as decency permits, their dark, shining bodies showing the scars of many a hard-
fought battle. Seated on the platform is the king, a coal-black potentate, sleepy
and fat, with thick, bushy beard and head and jaws like a bull-dog. All day long
he sits dozing with half-closed eyes and changeless expression of face, if his face
can be said to have any expression save that of ferocity and lust. But leaning
forward with his hands resting on a cane, and a slave holding an umbrella above
him, his majesty enjoys the music and dancing more perhaps than anything else
in life, unless it be the cutting off of heads.
The instruments are as grotesque as the
performers, and some of them are fearfully
and wonderfully made. The best is a stringed
instrument, resembling somewhat the zither
seen in the Tyrol, but of ruder workmanship.
There is an orchestra of drums and bells,.
with a single flute, a rattle, and an ivory
horn of most primitive pattern. The last is
used for giving signals by the warrior who
keeps guard over the village, and is similar
in shape to the brazen war trumpets used by
the ancient Kelts, such as have been exhumed
from the bogs of Ireland. There are other
horns of wood; with stones shaken in a bag
of skin, producing sounds like the hissing of
serpents, and vessels and disks of copper
clashed together like cymbals. The singing
is much better than the instrumentation; for
the Dahomeans have a certain knowledge of harmony, and their dances are accompanied with choral song as
well as the beat of drum.
The drum-major opens the performance with gentle, rhythmic tapping of
drum, rapidly increasing in tone. Then another drum is heard, and presently the
clashing of a cymbal, the sound gradually gaining in volume until all the musicians
are hard at work. As the concert opens, the men and women crouching in the
centre of the floor, some 30 in number, are aroused from sleep or stupor, and rising
to their feet, begin to beat time to the music. When all are ready the war-dance
or march begins at a signal from their leader. Forward and backward passes this
motley crew, brandishing war-clubs and grinning as only Dahomeans can grin.
Louder and yet more loud grow the beating of drum, the blast of horn, and the
clash of cymbal. Then the posturing begins; but in this there is nothing of the
graceful or sensuous; simply a contortion and quivering of limb and body, with
swinging of weapons as though nothing would delight them more than to kill and
destroy. It is in truth a barbaric spectacle, and the more so as many of the
performers are women, the amazons of western Africa, trained for the service of
the king and esteemed as the choicest of his troops.
From the Arctic zone there are also two Exposition colonies, one of Eskimos
from Labrador, and the other from the portion of Lapland near North cape in
Norway. The former is likewise termed the Innuit colony, and consists of several
A brave OF THE Indian village families, each living in a cabin covered with moss or bark. There was also a snow
SITTING-BULL'S LOG CABIN
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
879
house during the
earlier part of the
season, and in a
topek or lodge are ka¬
yaks or canoes, with
paddles, harpoons,
nets, sleeping bags,
and all other articles
needed for the outfit
of an Innuit hunter.
Within the enclos¬
ure is an arm of the
lagoon, where are
illustrated Eskimo
methods of boating,
fishing, and seal
hunting; and on one
side is a pen for dogs,
of which many are
running around the
village, such as are
used for draught ani¬
mals, offensive to
sight and smell, but
■
THE CALIFORNIA OSTRICH FARM
strong, powerfully limbed, and with thick coating of hair. Sledges
are driven by an Eskimo boy, armed with a heavy whip fifteen
feet in length, the crack of which is heard afar in the grounds.
Not a few of the inhabitants have learned to speak the English
language and converse freely and intelligently about the Fair and
the part which they play therein. Their winter dress is of seal¬
skin, and in summer a suit of pearl-gray color trimmed with fur
—a tunic, pantaloons, moccasins, and a hood. Both sexes are
attired alike, except that in the garb of the women is more of
ornamentation and that their hoods are larger; for these also
serve as baby holders, in which the little one rests on the mother’s
shoulders.
The village of the Laps is a miniature reproduction of a
Lapland settlement, with huts of skins banked with moss, in which
THE OSTRICH J. G. BLAINE
a fire is always burning, the smoke escap¬
ing through a hole in the roof when the
wind is in the right direction, and if not,
remaining where it is. There are but two
dozen inhabitants in all, and the oldest of
them is King Bull, whose descendants
represent several generations. The king
is 112 years of age, and with him is a
son aged 90, a grandson of 73, and a
great granddaughter of 59, the last the
mother of a son of 41, whose own son is
29, this latter having a daughter of 14,
who herself has a daughter two years old.
The patriarch of the flock is as active as
any of the rest, especially in the solicita¬
tion of fees, taking whatever is offered
him, from a bottle of beer to a piece of
money; but he likes beer the best. Most
of them are very religious, belonging to
ENCAMPMENT OF MICHIGAN CADETS
88 o
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
ZEIBEK
HINDU JUGGLER
the Lutheran faith; but some have no religion at all;
among others the king, who believes in nothing greater
than himself. There is a small herd of reindeer in the
enclosure, and these are fed and tended with care; for
the reindeer is the main support of the Laplander, its flesh serving as food, and at times as his only food;
its skin as clothing and for tents; its milk as a beverage and for cheese; its sinews for ropes; its hoofs for
glue, and its bones for sledges and implements of the chase. The entire village is different from the rest, and
together with the Eskimo colony and several others, forms a most interesting ethnological display.
Located for the most part at the western extremity of the plaisance are a number of attractions, some
more or less valuable from an ethnological standpoint and others mainly of a commercial character. One of
the most remarkable is the encampment of Bedouins, already briefly mentioned. It is popularly known as the
Wild East show, and consists of a typical group of Arabs with their dromedaries and steeds, the men dressed
in native costumes and armed with
scimitars and spears. They parade
along the avenue, chanting in dis¬
cordant notes, and otherwise adver¬
tising themselves and their exhibits.
Upon the fence of their encamp¬
ment are crude paintings showing
Arabian life in the desert, and
within the enclosure Bedouins are
living in their tents, with their
wives and children, as they do at
home. Here, also, the horsemen
indulge in various games and con¬
tests of speed and arms, as with
loud shouts they race around the
course or run across it, ostensibly
filled with all the emotions which
possess them when ranging the
desert. In close proximity to the
Johore bungalow, already described,
is a Brazilian concert and dance
hall, in which the performers are
somewhat gross looking Indian
women. Elsewhere are several
„ „ UI1 „ exhibits by North American natives.
A MAHOMMEDAN WITH WIFE AND CHILD ^ J
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
I
881
In the Winnebago Indian village are not
a few tasteful articles of native manufac¬
ture, and within another enclosure is said
to be the original log cabin of Sitting
Bull. Near by are what purport to be
relics from the battle field where General
Custer met his death, while purely or par¬
tially commercial in character are the Ice
railway and the display of French mosaics
and spun glass work. There are also such
special attractions as the captive balloon,
and the California ostrich farm, the latter
harboring some 30 birds. In this vicinity,
and at the western extremity of the plais-
ance are the Hungarian cafe and concert
garden, and the grounds devoted to mili¬
tary encampments. The former contains
a vaudeville stage, and on the roof are
given the concerts which form a popular feature of the plaisance.
A JERUSALEM DAMSEL
World’s Fair Miscellany. —From the opening of the Fair
until its close, the amount of revenue derived from the conces¬
sions of Midway plaisance was over $4,000,000, while the Paris
Exposition received only about one-sixth as much from all such
sources. Cairo street led in popularity, the admissions exceeding
2,250,000. During the same period the Ferris wheel carried
1,500,000 passengers; into Hagenbeck’s arena passed more than
2,000,000 persons; about 800,000 entered the gates of the German
village; nearly as many visited Old Vienna, and more than 670,000
the Javanese village. Lady Aberdeen’s exhibit of Irish industries
was also a most popular feature of the plaisance, attracting
during the Exposition season more than 550,000 visitors.
As to the Irish Industries association, represented in Lady
Aberdeen’s village, the following are some of the results accom¬
plished during the seven or eight years of its existence, as stated
in substance by the management. It has brought the cottage and
home industries of Ireland into communication with a common
centre, drawing public attention to these industries and to the
excellence of their products, thus creating for them a reliable
market. Depots for their sale have been established in Dublin,
London, and other business centres, with the result that in 1892
many thousands of dollars were forwarded to the homes of Irish
peasantry. Designs and instruction have been furnished free of
cost, and the workers trained to business-like habits. Influential
men of all political and religious creeds have united for the com¬
mon purpose of
bettering the con¬
dition of the peas¬
antry, some serving
on the council and
others tendering their support an
Gladstone, Balfour, John Morley,
ORIENTAL MUSICIAN
1 sympathy. Among them are
Justin McCarthy, John Dillon,
IRISH JAUNTING CART
GEORGIA CAYVAN IN HER GLASS DRESS
882
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Horace Plunkett, Lord Aberdeen, Lord Londonderry, Cardinal
Logue, archbishop of Armagh, and William j. Walsh, protestant
archbishop of Dublin.
When the Donegal Irish village was formerly opened, its pro¬
moter, Mrs Ernest Hart, who is also president of the Donegal
industrial fund, was gratified by a demonstration of the good will
entertained for such en¬
terprises in the United
States. A representa¬
tive of Archbishop Fee-
han, accompanied by
several Fair officials, in¬
cluding president Higin-
botham, with many
friends and spectators,
passed through its an¬
cient looking archway
into the semblance of
the historic ground of
Ireland. As with Lady
Aberdeen’s village, a
depot was opened in
Chicago for the sale of
its surplus stock, a large
portion of which was
sold during the progress
of the Fair.
The visit of Lord-
mayor Shanks, of Dublin,
to be further mentioned
in connection with for¬
eign exhibits was a not¬
able occasion not only
for Irish men and women, but for Fair pilgrims generally. Among
the receptions accorded him, the one which occurred at Mrs
Hart’s village was the most enjoyable. In a speech the mayor
referred gracefully and feelingly to the work accomplished, and
Judge Moran, another speaker, alluded to the fact that Mrs
Hart had expended more than $60,000 or its equivalent from
her private fortune in promoting Irish industries.
It is said that the project for the Ferris wheel was sug¬
gested to its artificer at a banquet given by the director of
works to the architects and engineers of the Exposition
more than a year before opening day. After commending
the labors of the former, the director complained that the
latter had fallen short of expectation, suggesting nothing
novel or original for the Fair in the way of engineering
science, such as was the Eiffel tower at the Paris Exposition.
Taking to heart this rebuke to his profession, Ferris con¬
ceived and worked out his design for the wheel, presenting
it with all the details to other engineers, by whom it was
somewhat coldly received. Still he persisted, expending
$25,000 on plans and specifications before he obtained his
concession. Later a joint stock company was organized, with
a capital of $600,000, of which more than $250,000 was ex¬
pended on the wheel, the Fair managers receiving one-half
the profits, which were very considerable.
By the Libby Glass company, whose exhibits are described
in the text, was manufactured for Georgia Cayvan, the ac¬
tress, a gown of spun glass, in appearance resembling grena¬
dine, but of a brilliant satin-like surface. It is described as
being made in the fashion of 1830, the skirt fitted closely to
the hips and the gores outlined with a braided gimp of
glass. At the foot there is a puff of glass, and over it a fall
of chiffon covered with a gleaming glass fringe. The bodice
is deeply Vandyked from the belt toward the shoulder, and
between the points are puffs of chiffon narrowing toward the
belt and broadening toward the top, where a fall of the
former is covered with the glass fringes which finish the low-
cut neck. The huge puffed sleeves of the period are all of
glass, draped in approved fashion and finished with fringes.
The dress attracted the attention of the infanta Eulalia, who
ordered a similar garment for herself.
The people of all nations made the season of the Fair one of
betrothals and marriages. Several American couples were married
on the Ferris wheel while it was in motion. In the Java village
Mimi, a boy of some ten years of age, was united to Samaon, a
little maiden somewhat his senior, the ceremonies being conducted
according to Mohammedan rites. From the house of the bride
the wedding procession passed to the theatre, both bride and
groom being borne in a palanquin at its head. An aged priest
blessed them in Malay, and pronounced the simple words from
the koran which made them man and wife, all the native specta¬
tors repeating a prayer; and then the formal ceremonies were
over. Afterward the procession escorted the couple to the groom’s
cottage, prettily decorated with flags and bunting, where the mar¬
riage feast was spread and the couple received the congratulations
of their friends. Presently the party returned to the theatre,
where the natives performed the marriage dance, a serenade com¬
pleting the programme. The ceremonies attending the marriage
of Ahmed, the donkey boy, and Nabitia, the flower girl, both
familiar figures in the street of Cairo, extended over a week, during
which period neither the bride nor groom were allowed to see one
another. Ahmed was formally congratulated, the marriage con¬
tract was signed in the presence of the priest, and there was
singing by the bride beneath the window of the bridegroom, and
vice versa , after which the young wife, surrounded by the female
relatives of the groom, was taken to the home of her spouse.
Inspired perhaps by these marital events, a member of the Kabyles,
a warlike tribe of Algeria, endeavored to seize upon a dancer with
whom he had become enamored since their departure from their
native land. He failed, however, to carry her away, on account
of the cries of her female companions and the intervention of a
Columbian guard, the over zealous lover being escorted to the
nearest police station to answer for his violation of American laws.
Under the management of F. D. Millet, master of ceremonies,
several popular features were introduced, tending to bring to¬
gether the motley collection of people whose headquarters were
in the plaisance, and to demonstrate to the public what a won¬
derful gathering was here. On the 17th of June, an international
parade, some 2,000 strong, marched along the avenue and through
A NATIVE OF PALESTINE
the main portions of the Exposition grounds, followed by bipeds
and quadrupeds from all portions of the earth. First came a
delegation of men, women, and reindeer from the Lapland village,
THE INFANTA'S DRESS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
led by famed King Bull; then a squad of muscular amazons of
the Dahomey settlement, with bare, scarred legs and suggestive
weapons, singing a war song as they passed. Gorgeously attired
in flowing robes of silk, long files of Chinamen were seen,
bearing upon their shoulders a huge dragon, beating their gongs,
and clashing their cymbals in competition with the huge drum of
the Dahomeans. From the contingent of Algerians the shrill and
excited cries of the dancing girls, who rode in rolling chairs, rose
above the din of drum and clarionets. Then came a delegation
from Cairo street, including camels and donkeys, Soudanese and
Nubians, swordsmen, clowns, and merchants. Dancing-girls of the
Persian palace posed in carriages, and there were troops of
Bedouins and Turks in picturesque costume, South Sea islanders
clad in seaweed, and representatives of the International beauty
show, not to mention animals attached to Hagenbeck’s arena, and
employes of such concessions as the Eiffel tower, the Libbey
glass-works, the Irish villages, and the Ostrich farm.
Paul du Chaillu, the famous African traveller, was a frequent
visitor to the Fair, and instinctively gravitated toward the plais-
ance. He spent much time in the Dahomey village, and made
warm friends with the Samoans and other members of the South
Sea settlement. On one occasion the latter formally entertained
and feasted him, roasting a pig on hot stones and furnishing
chickens, ducks, fish, and other viands, with kara for drink.
Most of the orientals employed on the plaisance took home
with them a considerable sum of money; the Turks from $200 to
$300, the dancing girls at least $500, and the donkey boys a larger
amount. Of the last many had enough to purchase a camel or a
number of donkeys on their return to Cairo, where they would
probably start in business for themselves. Nearly all carried their
funds in sovereigns or napoleons, exchanging therefor the silver
which they received and hoarded until it amounted to a larger
sum than they had ever seen before. They were experts on coin,
it is said, and neither Turk nor Egyptian was ever known to
accept a counterfeit piece, though some were deceived by coun¬
terfeit or confederate notes.
For the Arabian horse Aigme, exhibited in the Bedouin en¬
campment, it is stated that $12,000 was offered and refused on
his arrival in New York. He is said to be the fastest Arab steed
that was ever brought to the United States.
A CITIZEN OF BEYRUT
THE GERMAN BUILDING
A
I
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-FIFTH
FOREIGN EXHIBITS
F an examination held, not many years ago, at Oxford university, the question
was put: “Where is the city of Chicago?’’ But among these British students,
many of whom could read Greek and Latin at sight, and some could write
in either language faultless prose and verse, there was not one who could
tell the location of what was then a thriving commercial centre and is now
the second city in the United States. And so it was when the project
for the Columbian Exposition was published broadcast throughout Europe,
:n cultured men and women asking where Chicago was, while those
who knew declared that such an exposition should be held in Wash¬
ington, New York, Philadelphia, anywhere rather than in Chicago,
which, as they said, was merely a distributing point for grain and
pork. But as to this they were quickly undeceived through the repre¬
sentations of the commissioners, ignorance, prejudice, and indifference giving
way to a wide-spread interest which
in many countries ripened into en¬
thusiasm; and not alone in Europe,
but in Canada, in Mexico, in Central and South America, in Australia,
Japan, and wherever else there are commercial or other relations with
the republic. Thus it was that Chicago became the seat of not only
the largest but the most cosmopolitan fair that has ever been held, the
total of foreign appropriations alone, apart from their exhibits, being
almost as much as the entire cost of the Centennial Exposition, and
more than thrice that of the London Exhibition of 1851.
Of all the European nations which have met in friendly rivalry
with their cousins beyond the Atlantic, there are none that appear to
better advantage than Germany, whether in the main departments of
the Fair or in her national home at Jackson park. But this is as
might be expected from a country in such close commercial and social
intercourse with the United States, where there are at least 10,000,000
citizens of German parentage, with more than 100,000 persons migrat¬
ing each year from the Fatherland. And especially in Chicago does
the German element make itself felt, the number of Teutons, either
immigrants or of Teutonic parentage, far exceeding the Americans in num¬
ber, and forming a most desirable factor in the composition of the
body politic.
Das Deutsche haus, or the German house, one of the most
ornate of the foreign buildings, occupies a prominent site in the north-
SECTIONAL VIEW OF DAS DEUTSCHE HAUS
885
886
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
On the western face is an extension which terminates in a buttressed wall with domical roof and stained glass
windows. Here is the chapel containing rare specimens of ecclesiastical art, presently to be described. Finally
at the southwestern angle is a tall, square tower, with turreted upper stage, a reproduction of the schloss of
Aschaffenburg. In the belfry is a chime of bells belonging to the imperial family, and made for a church in
the Invaliden park erected by the emperor in honor of his grandmother. The plans for the German house
were prepared by Johannes Radke, a government architect attached to the imperial commission, most of the
materials and decorations coming in the form of contributions from German firms.
Ascending the stairway in front of the main portal, the visitor comes to a landing which is of itself a
work of art, with ceiling tastefully painted and grained, tiled floors, and on the walls, frescoes of Fame and of
a cup-bearer to the king. Passing through double glass doors set in arches corresponding to those at the
entrance, he enters a lobby surrounded with columns and otherwise tastefully decorated. Thence through triple
archways there is access to two spacious halls extending to the northern end of the building, the outer one with
eastern portion of the grounds, fronting on the lake, from which it is separated only by a narrow strip of shore.
It is three stories in height; the first of stuccoed brick, and those above of wood and plaster, with basement
of rock-faced limestone. In style it is of the sixteenth century renaissance, representing the period of transition
from the Gothic. The point of architectural emphasis is on the east facade, with its gabled front and Gothic
spires, above which is a tower decorated at its second stage with gilded statues and surmounted by a lantern
whose apex is 180 feet above ground. Tire main entrance is in the form of a triple archway 48 feet in length,
the windows above arranged with corresponding effect. The entire front is highly colored and with profusion
of decorative scheme. First there are the coats of arms of all the 26 independent states which, under the
presidency of Wilhelm II, constitute the German empire. Then there are armor-clad knights with drawn
swords defending the imperial crown; above them a sun, and above all, near the summit of the gable, a huge
German eagle in black.
1 o the right extends the main body of the building, its roofs of variegated tiling and studded here and
there with dormers. On the northwest corner is a large gable with handsome turrets and rich fresco work.
THE IMPERIAL CHIME OF BELLS
FOUNTAIN AND BASIN NORTH OF THE GERMAN BUILDING
888
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
galleries on three of its sides, and both with numberless engravings on the walls. Here are the collective
exhibits of German publishers, more than 300 in number, arranged in bookcases with projecting wings, each in
the form of a miniature booth. There is nothing retrospective in this display, which is intended merely to illus¬
trate the art of book-making and the appliances of the publishing trade, with cognate industries as conducted
in the Fatherland. Here are
shown methods and specimens
of printing, stereotyping, elec¬
trotyping, wood-engraving,
etching, lithography, chromo¬
lithography, and photo-mechan¬
ical processes. Bookbinding
is also represented, and there
are exhibits connected with the
music trade. There are cases
filled with cuts from illustrated
magazines, and of every peri¬
odical published in Germany
are shown its headlines and
typographical style.
In these exhibits expres¬
sion is given to one of the
leading industries of the Ger¬
man empire; for nowhere has
the publication and sale of books
assumed such enormous pro¬
portions. In the empire itself
are more than 6,000 establish¬
ments distributed among 1,200
cities; in Austro-Hungary there
are 800; in other European
countries about 900; in America
at least 130, with not a few in
Asia, Africa, and Australia. Of nearly 8,000 firms in all, about 40 per cent are engaged in the publishing of
books, prints, and music, including the reproduction of rare volumes and manuscripts. The remainder consist
of booksellers who place their goods on the market through an elaborate system of brokerage, with Leipsic as
the centre of distribution, more than 22,000 works being thus introduced in 1891. Bookbinding is also a
prominent branch, especially in Berlin and Leipsic, a single house in the latter city producing 1,000,000 bind¬
ings and covers a year, varying in price from a cent to $5,000 apiece.
In the chapel beyond is the display of ecclesiastical art, including stained-glass
windows, statuary, paintings, altars, vessels, crucifixes, vestments, draperies, and
ornaments, with illuminated texts on the softly tinted walls. Within recent years the
revolution in church architecture has been accompanied with a transformation in art
as applied to interior decorations, both breaking loose from the fetters of classicism
and reverting to Gothic forms, with traces of the earlier renaissance. In the latter
department the best that has thus far been achieved is fully illustrated in this
sanctuary, itself a reproduction of a chapel in some mediaeval German castle.
In an adjacent chamber is a display of presents belonging to members of the
royal family and other personages of note. Among them are many historical docu¬
ments, with copies of treaties which have changed the political geography of Europe,
all contained in show-cases of
steel, with lids of thickest glass,
and guarded night and day. Of Bismarck and Von Moltke
there are several things to remind us; of the former a
drinking cup presented by the citizens of Frankfort, with
gold and silver cases in which was tendered the freedom
of many cities; of the latter, his baton and various relics
and decorations.
In front of the building and on the right of the
main entrance are the reception chambers and offices of the
imperial commissioner, Adolph Wermuth. His private room,
with portal and wainscoting carved in old oak, and orna-
carving in wood mcnted bookshelves surmounted by a panel hand-carved
CHAPEL IN GERMAN BUILDING
MAX RICHTER
NORTHERN FRONT OF THE FRENCH BUILDING
890
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
with historic figures, is furnished in primitive style. The carpet is of antique pattern, as are the woodwork
and draperies, while between two of the windows stands a hall clock some ten feet high and designed after one
of the spires of Strasburg cathedral, the dial with numerals painted on triangular pieces of ivory. There is a
porcelain fireplace, colored in blue, and above the grate a tile painting of a wedding party of the olden time.
1 he ceiling is elaborately decorated, and in the centre is depicted a sunrise scene, a contribution from a member
of the Royal academy of Berlin. In a southern projection of the building, disconnected from the rest, is the
exhibit of the Waldhof cellulose manufactory at Mannheim, its products consisting of the pulp of pine wood
and used for the making of paper.
Germany’s day, the 15th of June, the fifth anniversary of the accession of Wilhelm II, was one of the
events of the Fair, the attendance far exceeding all previous records, with more than 200,000 persons admitted
into the grounds, of whom at least 50,000 were Germans. The exercises were held in front of the Deutsche
EASTERN FACADE OF THE FRENCH BUILDING
haus, beginning with music and singing, after which Harry Rubens, in the name of the German-Americans,
delivered an address of welcome to the imperial representatives. After “Die Wacht am Rhein” rendered by
the maennerchor chorus, Baron von Hollenben, the German minister, responded on behalf of the government,
and then the oration of the day was delivered by Carl Schurtz, whose speech was of a patriotic character,
touching on the loyalty of those who, while leal to the country of their adoption, still held in honor the
Fatherland. He was proud of the German display in all departments of the Exposition; for here was embodied
the spirit of the nation, expressing in every branch of industry and art the highest results of which that nation
was capable. Commissioner Wermuth, who followed, spoke of the commerce of Germany, as contrasted with
that of the United States, predicting that the dawn of the coming century would witness a revolution in the
commercial conditions of the world. The closing address was by Carter H. Harrison who appeared, as he said,
somewhat at a disadvantage, having to speak against a brass band and a thunderstorm. A parade, in several
divisions, with floats, tally-ho coaches, and more than 16,000 people in line was a feature of the day. Late in
the afternoon there was a concert at Festival hall, and at night a pyrotechnic exhibition, in which the figures
of Germania and Columbia stood side by side in tracery of fire.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
891
The French pavilion occupies one of the choicest sites in Jackson park, east of the Art palace and close
to the shore of the lake. It is of the classic order, and consists of two structures connected by a colonnade,
with a garden between. Under the portico of the north front are views of Paris, and especially of its govern¬
ment buildings, with replicas of famous statuary in the vestibules and balconies.
The interior plan differs from that of other foreign structures, most of the space
being devoted to exhibition purposes, and with the quarters of the commission
held in subordination to the rest.
From the vestibule the visitor passes into a chamber resembling the salon
of the palace of Versailles, where, on the 6th of February, 1778, was concluded
the treaty between France and the United States, this being the first recognition
of the latter by a European power. Years afterward were placed in this salon
all the articles presented on behalf of the republic to the Marquis de Lafayette,
and these are arranged in its reproduction precisely as in the original, thus form¬
ing a graceful tribute to the nation whose cause the marquis made his own.
Among them is the sword presented by congress when, in 1779, he returned to
his native land to solicit aid for the struggling republic. The handle, mountings,
and scabbard are of appropriate design and most elaborate workmanship; the
blade, hidden during the reign of terror in the garden of Chavagniac, and there
corroded with rust, being replaced with one presented by the people of Paris
and forged from metal taken from the ruins of the Bastile. In this collection are several of Washington’s letters,
and rings containing locks of his own and Martha Washington’s hair, one of them presented to Lafayette during
a farewell visit to the tomb of his former comrade-in-arms. Other features are the busts of Washington and
Franklin, portraits of historic characters, and the decoration of the order of Cincinnatus, also termed the
“decoration of the soldier-laborer,” presented by the former to Lafayette, and established in 1783 for distribution
among French and American officers who had served in the war of independence.
Across the garden is the exhibit of the
city of Paris, illustrating in its entirety the
municipal system of the metropolis. First is
the police department, where is shown the
Bertillon method of identifying criminals by
means of photographs. In a large case is a
complete rogues’ gallery, and something more
than this; for here is displayed every type of
forehead, eye, nose, ear, and lip, with profile,
full face, and head, all grouped for anthropo¬
logical comparison. Near by is the school
exhibit, with specimens of work, including
those from the Prevost orphanage, and from
a printing and bookbinding school where pupils
are admitted at the age of twelve to serve a
four years’ apprenticeship. Here also are
models of street cleaning machinery, while the
fire department is represented in photographs,
and in map form are shown the sewerage and
water systems, with a section of a house sup¬
plied with sanitary apparatus. In one of the
rooms is a collection of bric-a-brac from
Parisian merchants, with works of decorative
art and the finest of Gobelin tapestry. Of
the passage-way connecting the two buildings
one of the sides is open and with a series of
columns rising to the roof. On the other
side are depicted scenes in and around Paris
with which all the world is familiar. While
these are not elaborate works of art, some of
them are from prominent artists, Vauthier, for
instance, having a sketch of the Bois de
Boulogne, and Didier of the Avenue des
Champs Elysees and the Place de la Bastille.-
It was to commemorate the fall of the
Bastile that the 14th of July was selected for the French celebration, this being the 104th anniversary. First
of all there was a luncheon or breakfast so-called, given by the consul-general to the French commissioners,
LA FAYETTE CHAMBER
EDMUND BRUWAERT
8g2
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
exhibitors, and other invited guests. In the afternoon a reception was held on the lawn, the consul standing
near the bust of President Carnot and the statue of “Gloria Victis,” a replica of Mercies group now standing
in the Hotel de Ville, showing a winged figure of Victory bearing in her arms a
wounded soldier with broken sword in hand. Then, by Commandant Ballincourt, M.
Bourbier of the French marines was presented with the cross of the legion of honor
in recognition of long and faithful service, the first man
thus to be decorated on American soil. There was music
by the Iowa band, and from a buffet adorned with morn¬
ing glories refreshments were served by comely French
damsels in Phrygian caps with tri-colored cockades.
Toward dusk the assemblage dispersed after a pleasant
and informal reunion, one in which there was no speedi¬
ng | making to mar its enjoyment.
In the quantity, if not in the quality of exhibits,
Great Britain and her dependencies rank first among
e ' R ' r 'c°mmPssk3ne C r ANADIAN foreign participants, occupying a total area of 500,000
square feet, or nearly half the entire floor space of the
great exhibition of 1851, the first international exposition worthy of the name. When in March, 1891, Robert
Lincoln, as American minister, invited on behalf of his government the cooperation of the United Kingdom,
the proposition was somewhat coldly received; for the passage of the McKinley bill still rankled in the hearts
of British merchants and manufacturers. A royal commission was appointed and the task of organization
accepted by the society of Arts, which had been closely connected with similar enterprises whether at home or
ARTHUR RENWICK, COMMISSIONER NEW
SOUTH WALES
SIR HENRY TRUEMAN WOOD, SECRETARY
OF THE BRITISH COMMISSION
priated was only #125,000, and with this
mensurate with the occasion; for other
British colonies had appropriated from
began to realize the all-embracing scope
cence of its general design. It was then
nently before the public; and for this pur-
nent firms and personages, including all
advertisements being inserted in the lead-
Thus a widespread interest was aroused,
house of Commons where the grant was
imous vote. Hence in several depart-
abled to present a fairly creditable display,
leries of the queen and the royal family,
zens and corporations, being placed at
was also determined to erect a separate
commission and as a contribution to the
abroad. But the entire amount appro-
nothing could be done on a scale com-
European nations and even one of the
twice to five times that amount.
Gradually, however, the authorities
of the coming exposition and the magnifi-
determined to bring the matter promi-
pose circulars were addressed to promi-
who had taken part in former exhibitions,
ing newspapers, English, Scotch, and Irish,
and this was even manifested in the
increased to #300,000 by an almost unan-
ments of the Fair Great Britain was en-
and especially in the Fine Arts, the gal-
with those of many of the wealthiest citi-
the disposal of the Art committee. It
building, to serve as the quarters of the
architectural features of the Fair.
Victoria house, as is styled the British home in Jackson park, is a unique and substantial structure,
forming three sides of a quadrangle, its open side inclosed by a raised and balustraded terrace, which almost
touches the waters of the lake. Designed by Colonel Edis, architect of the commission, it is in the style of
the Tudor, and especially the Elizabethan period, its upper story of half-timber construction, with projecting
gables, of which many well-preserved specimens may still be seen in England. But
there is also a modern aspect to the building; for on the
lower story terra-cotta is freely used, with brick facings and
mullioned windows. Perhaps the most interesting feature is
the decorative scheme and furnishings of the interior, for
which nearly all the materials were contributed as loans or gifts,
especially by the London firm of Johnstone Norman and com¬
pany, to which, as to other establishments, the commission
acknowledges its obligations.
Passing through a covered portico, the visitor enters a
spacious hall, on one side of which are the library and recep¬
tion room, and on the other the offices. The hall is oak-
panelled, with furniture of carved oak in partial imitation of
that which belonged to the Medici family, and ceiling copied
from the North Wales mansion of Plas Mawr, erected about
the year 1550, and better known as Queen Elizabeth’s palace. On a cassone or ornamental coffer of Florentine
pattern, as in the royal palace of Naples, is a panel on gilt ground, painted with figures allegorical of Columbus
JOSEPH TASSE, CANADIAN COMMIS¬
SIONER
J. J. GRINLINTON, SPECIAL COM¬
MISSIONER FOR CEYLON
VICTORIA HOUSE
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
departure from Spain. At its side is a large arm-chair on which is sculptured in bas-relief ‘ ‘The Discovery of
America,” with a companion fauteuil in the style of Francois I., known as the cacqueteuse or gossip chair.
There are wide old-fashioned fireplaces with huge andirons, and on either side of the grates a lion and unicorn
rampant. In the alcoves over the stairway, which is ceiled as in Haddon hall, the seat of the duke of Rutland,
are armored knights on pedestals, and here also is what may be termed a “grandfathers’ clock,” such as those
which stood in the homes
of
“Merrie England.”
The library is finished
and equipped entirely in oak,
with ceiling ribbed in geo¬
metric forms, to which book¬
cases extend from the floor.
As to the furniture, each
piece was designed from the
antique, so far at least as
it could be adapted to mod¬
ern requirements. So with
the reception room, in whose
carved and inlaid furniture
are largely represented the
manors of mediaeval times,
with patterns borrowed from
the Louvre and the South
Kensington museum; but
all with a certain affinity
which gives to the collec¬
tion a just adaptation of
parts. A cabinet of ebony
and boxwood resembles one
made for Archbishop Sharpe
in 1621. A Scotch clothes-
press belongs to the time
of James 1 , and in a walnut
cabinet with capriole legs is
reproduced a Dutch design of the days of William and Mary. The centre table is a fac-simile of that which
stands in the dining-room of Windsor castle, and another table resembles the one fashioned for Sir Thomas
Holte of Aston hall, a loyal subject of the Stuarts. There is a King Charles chair of ebony, with a Ivnole
chair such as stood in the Kentish residence of the earls of Dorset, and one from Linlithgow palace, belonging
to the time of Mary, queen of Scots. In the ingle-nook is a terra cotta fireplace, on the back of which are
cast the arms of Great Britain. In a painting by Sargent is depicted the “Jubilee Garden Party at Bucking¬
ham Palace,” wherein are 400 figures. The ceiling is copied from the banquet¬
ing chamber at Crewe hall, one of the finest specimens of Elizabethan architecture.
The waiting-room is ceiled as in Campden house, the residence of the
duke of Argyll, and with simpler treatment as to furnishings, except for the
antique vases and the embossed leather on the walls, the latter identical in
pattern with that which is seen in the ball-room of Sandringham hall, the
county seat of the prince of Wales. On the floors of all the rooms are Wilton
rugs woven in oriental designs, while the draperies and fabrics are the most
finished products of the looms of England and France. On the upper story is
the boardroom of the commissioners, furnished in old oak, with seats and lounges
such as are used in the Carlton and Reform clubs. Especially handsome is the
office of the commissioner, Sir Henry Wood, with low, broad windows overlooking
the lake, and tastefully decorated walls hung with the choicest works of art.
The veranda is lit by old-fashioned English lamps, the building itself being lighted
by electricity, the globes concealed by the strap-work of Elizabethan chandeliers.
The house was opened to the public on the queen’s birthday, the 24th
of May, but without exercises, except that in the Canadian building there was
brief informal speech-making, with singing of the national anthem, followed at
night by a banquet given at a Chicago hotel under the auspices of the commis W. D. DIMOCK
sioners. British Empire day fell on the 19th of August, the attendance exceeding
213,000, the largest up to that date except for the 4th of July. At the appointed hour, escorted by the West
Point cadets, the detachments selected for the military tournament from the choicest regiments of the British
THE CANADIAN HEADQUARTERS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
§95
army, among them “the far-famed Black Watch,” formed in line in front of Victoria house. Then came “the
trooping of the colors,” after which soldiery and civilians adjourned to Festival hall, where, as resident consul
and chairman of ceremonies, Colonel Hayes-Sadler delivered the opening address, briefly and with becoming
dignity. After “God Save the Queen,” rendered by the Columbian chorus, he proposed the name of the
president of the United States, the cheers being given with a will, and the mayor of Chicago responding on
behalf of his countrymen. As secretary of the royal commission, Sir Henry Trueman Wood discoursed with
telling effect on the status and future of the dominion. Other speeches were from the commissioners for Canada,
India, Ceylon, Trinidad, and British Guiana, all of which were represented at the Fair. Later there was a
concert in the court of honor, followed by the last performance of the tournament, the members of which set
forth on the morrow for doronto. At night there was the usual display of fireworks, and meanwhile a civic
and military parade was held in the city, massing on the lake front and after a circuitous route disbanding on
Michigan avenue.
Scotchmen held festivity for an entire week during the term of the Fair, the 4th of August being devoted
to exercises in the reception room of the New York building and later in Festival hall, under the auspices of
the Scottish directory.
These were brief and of
informal character, the
Scottish choral union
being present at the
second meeting, where
national airs were played
on bagpipes, with danc¬
ing of the Highland fling.
The Welsh and Irish
had also their special
days, the former on the
8th and the latter on
the 30th of September.
In a pouring rain the
Irish parade assembled
on the Midway plais-
ance, only 2,000 strong,
instead of the 30,000
that had been expected.
Nevertheless it was an
imposing procession,
with bands galore and
several military com¬
panies, conspicuous
among which were the
old Hibernian rifles.
There were the Forest¬
ers, the ancient order of
Hibernians, the Gaelic
athletic associations,
temperance and church societies, civic and literary organizations, with invited guests in carriages and tally-ho
coaches. Everything and everybody was arrayed in green; the women with green dresses and hats, the men
with green cravats and badges, and the horses with green plumes; while over the Electricity building floated
the green flag of Erin, and even the lake assumed for the occasion a deeper hue of emerald.
The exercises were held in Festival hall, where Archbishop Feehan, as chairman of the day, delivered
the opening speech. After an eloquent tribute to the artificers of the Fair, in honor of which they were met
together, he continued in part as follows: “But the Irish-American people assemble for another motive, and
that is to revive for to-day, and I hope for the future, the traditions as well as the aspirations of one of the
oldest races of the world. You represent a most ancient people; for your forefathers came from Phoenicia
3,000 years ago, and founded a nation at the time when Moses was leading the Israelites from Egypt, and
when Cadmus was giving letters to the world. Even at that early period the Irish were a people with a written
law and of advanced civilization. And to-day, toward the close of the nineteenth century, the Irish-American
people recall those grand progenitors and keep alive their traditions.” Then spoke Archbishop Hennessy of
Dubuque, followed by Edward Blake, who as a representative of the Irish party in the Commons, chose for
his theme “Home Rule,” and in conclusion read a letter from Gladstone, in which were the following words:
I learn with great pleasure that there is to be an Irish day during the World’s Fair. There could not be a
more interesting, nor except on the day of the final victory, a more encouraging occasion.” Among other speakers
NEW SOUTH WALES
896
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
EAST INDIA TEMPLE
were Arthur O'Connor, James Shanks, lord-mayor of Dublin, and Father Ring, who read a dispatch from the
primate of Ireland. There was music, with singing of national airs and ballads, a feature in which was the
rendition in harp solo of ancient Gaelic melodies by a daughter of A. M. Sullivan, the Irish orator. Later a
reception at Blarney castle concluded the celebration.
On the plaza in front of Victoria house, and almost opposite the Canadian building, is a group of statuary
in terra-cotta, a replica of the American pier piece on the pedestal of the Albert memorial column at Kensington,
erected by order of the queen in honor of the prince-consort and of the great exhibition of 1851. The figures
are of heroic size, with America in the centre in the form of a shapely
Indian maiden mounted on a buffalo, in Indian costume and with figured
head-dress; in her right hand a stone-headed lance, and in her left a
shield emblazoned with national emblems. The United States is repre¬
sented by an eagle with outstretched wings; Canada by a beaver and
by a young girl robed in furs;
Brazil by the Southern Cross;
Mexico by a male figure, and
South America by a half-breed
Indian with bronco and sombrero.
It is in the mam an excellent piece
of workmanship, though somewhat
heavy in tone and bulk, weighing
25 tons and costing $25,000. By
Henry Doulton, proprietor of the
Doulton pottery works at Lam¬
beth, where it was fashioned, the
group was presented to the city of
Chicago, “as a connecting link be¬
tween the first international exposi-
CARVINGS AND MOSAIC WORK, INDIA BUILDING
tion and the last and crowning one. ”
CARVINGS, INDIA BUILDING
CEYLONESE PAVILION
898
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Canada is well represented, as we have seen, in the main divisions of the Fair, much more so indeed in
some departments than the mother country, in relation to industrial conditions. That the dominion would
appear to good advantage in her agricultural and horticultural, her fisheries and mining exhibits, was expected
of this enterprising and ambitious commonwealth; but in other branches also her exhibits were of excellent
quality. In the annex of the Transportation building, for instance,
the vestibuled train of the Canadian Pacific was a feature of the
display, while in the building itself was a choice assortment of
carriages, buggies, wagons, boats, and railroad and other supplies.
In the palace of Mechanic Arts her collections were somewhat of
a surprise; but perhaps the greatest surprise was in the hall of
Manufactures and Liberal Arts. While here was no large array
of costly luxuries, there was a comprehensive and varied assort¬
ment of staple lines and standard grades, the groups of textile
fabrics and especially of cotton goods attracting general attention.
So with the educational groups; Ontario, Quebec, and other prov¬
inces fully illustrating their thorough and practical systems of in¬
struction, from the kindergarten to the college and university.
1 he Canadian pavilion, the plans for which were designed
by the department of public works at Ottawa, is in the form of
a quadrangle, surrounded with wide verandas supported by Tuscan
columns, with semi-circular projection on the front and surmounted
by a tower with look-out, the view from which is one of the finest
in Jackson park. There is little in the way of exhibits, except
for the structure itself, its apartments finished in polished native
woods representing the various provinces. Passing through the
main portal, the visitor finds in the entrance hall a post-office,
telephone office, and intelligence office, where registers afford in¬
formation as to hotel and other accommodation, together with the whereabouts of friends. In the reception
room adjoining, its walls and pillars festooned with flags, are files of Canadian newspapers from every portion
of the dominion, and near at hand are the quarters of the national commission, of which J. S. Larke is chief
executive officer, while across the corridor are those of the commissioners for the provinces.
At the top of a spacious stairway, also constructed of native woods, is a corridor adorned with photo¬
graphic views of Canadian scenery and mounted specimens of Canadian birds. At either end are exits to the
balconies which encircle the pavilion, and on
the right of the staircase, two other offices
for the national commissioners, Senator Tasse
and G. R. R. Cockburn. Across the cor¬
ridor is a dining-room, where many have been
entertained with the hospitality characteristic
of the dominion. Adjoining is a ladies’parlor,
and elsewhere are the apartments of C. F.
Law and Senator Perley, commissioners for
British Columbia and the Northwest terri¬
tories, with that of W. D. Dimock, secretary
of the Canadian commission, who for many
years has been engaged in similar service in
connection with international and local ex¬
hibitions. Finally there is the sanctum of
the press, and on the floor above are the
tower and smoking rooms far above ground.
No plaster is used in any part of the in¬
terior, the walls and ceilings all being fin¬
ished in native woods handsomely polished,
as I have said, and showing the native grain
—oak, pine, chestnut, walnut, cherry, maple,
birch, ash, spruce, cedar, and butternut.
Over a bold dental cornice is an open balustrade, and the roof is low pitched and partially concealed by a
paraquet wall. Around the pavilion is a plat of ground, green turfed, dotted with Canadian shrubbery, and
divided by serpentine walks and roadways.
The 1st of July, the 26th anniversary of the confederation, was selected as Dominion day, a day held in
no less honor by its citizens than is the 4th of July by those of the United States. The celebration began with
an informal reception at the pavilion, followed by a military and civic parade and by exercises at Festival hall.
EXHIBIT OF SWEDISH IRON WORK
-iilPI
, uM»b%. .y ' L y:Vy'Mm-<
wsis&y
M" A ,4v -C.&'
I&&P-
Ml
Psasls
SWEDISH BUILDING
goo
T1IE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Among the audience were not only thousands of Canadians and former subjects of the queen, but there were
also many thousands of Americans; so that in his opening address Commissioner Cockburn observed: “If ever I
harbored a doubt that Americans were not true friends to Canada, this assemblage would forever put such a
feeling at rest. Senator 1 asse of Quebec spoke in French, the applause which accentuated his remarks showing
that the French-Canadians were here in force. The mayor delivered a brief dissertation, pronouncing the
Canadians “a very nice class of people, whose interests were parallel with those of the union, and whose gov¬
ernment lay m paiallel lines, predicting also that the time was not far distant when “one flag would float over
the country from the far south to the farthest north. do this Commissioner Larke responded by reminding
the mayor that parallel lines never meet. But all was said m amicable mood; for between the dominion and
the union, as between the union and the united kingdom, the breach, if such there be, is more in fancy
than in fact.
Adjacent to the Canadian pavilion is Australia house, or as it should rather be termed, the home of New
South Wales; for in the structure and nearly all that it contains is represented only this, the oldest of the
PARLOR, SWEDISH BUILDING
Australias. While serving among other purposes as the headquarters of the commissioners, it is also an exhibi¬
tion building, especially as to the fine arts, from which department, as we have seen, the colony was almost
excluded, not for lack of merit but through misapprehension. Of sculpture there are several pieces, two of them
portrait busts in plaster and others carved in native marble and freestone. Of oil paintings there is a large
collection, executed by members of the Art society in Sydney. They embrace a great variety of subjects, from
portraits of premiers and primates to the hunting of wild ducks; and it is worthy of note that, with rare
exceptions, they deal with local themes and personages. Landscapes, with sketches and genre paintings of
Australian life are the favorite subjects, some of them finished canvases and nearly all above amateur rank.
In water colors there are more than ioo works from the same society, most of them by Mrs Ellis Rowan of
Victoria, representing the flora of Australia, all studies from nature, and combining with richness and delicacy
of coloring, boldness of execution and skill in technique.
The building itself is at least on a par with others of its class, 60 feet square, with a spacious portico
in front, the roof of which is supported by Doric columns, with pilasters of the same order at each of the
corners. The frieze and balustrade extend around the entire edifice; above all the openings are moulded
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
901
architraves, and beneath each window, moulded modillions. In the interior is a central nave 30 feet wide, from
which rises a polygonal dome, giving accentuation to the architectural scheme.
In the India building the ancient glories of Agra, with its changing fortunes, are fully typified, and here
are models in marble and alabaster of many monuments which testify to the former power of Moslem and
Hindoo. Even the famous mausoleum is shown in miniature, the original bearing a dome of marble 70 feet in
diameter. The structure itself is an harmonious combination of Arabic and Indian architecture, minarets
springing from above the main entrance and corners, the former painted in oriental style. While the exhibits
are unique and comprehensive, perhaps the most interesting feature is a party of Hindoos of high caste who
have come to America partly on a proselyting and partly on a business mission.
Great Britain is of course represented in the industrial and historic collections of the India building, and
especially the India tea association and the
Bengal chamber of commerce. Near the
principal entrance is a tea room, where the
beverage as made in India is served by
native attendants in picturesque attire, and
presented in porcelain hand-painted by native
artists. Small tables are placed in shady
corners of the hall, where the visitor may
enjoy the variegated picture presented by
the art manufactures of the empire, scattered
profusely around him and in the galleries
above. In the centre of the main floor is a
marble shrine, elaborately carved and colored,
standing about the height of a tall man.
On thousands of such shrines in India are
images of the Hindoo trinity—Brahma, the
creator; Vishnu, the preserver; and Siva, the
destroyer; but here are no sacred effigies,
except that on either side is a figure of
Buddha, screened by the hood of the sacred
cobra from the scorching rays of the sun,
while the eastern savior of mankind is ab¬
sorbed in worship or contemplation. Carved
in stone or wood, hammered from brass,
painted and embroidered on silk or satin,
are also such minor divinities as Agni, the
god of fire, who burns the body that he
may recreate it in celestial form; Doorga,
wife of Siva, with three eyes and ten arms;
Sudra, the king of heaven, and Tama, the
judge of the dead; Krishna, one of Vishnu's
many incarnations, and the elephantine
exhibition hall. Sweden Gancsha, symbol of prudence.
A superb display of art manufactures
is made by Fellery and company, whose headquarters are at Delhi, with branches in Calcutta, Bombay, and
Simla. Every article is fashioned by hand, and the entire exhibit is intended to illustrate the efforts of business
men to check the importation of goods which threatens to overwhelm the native
industries of the country. Since rich and poor alike utilize their savings in the
making of silver articles, either for personal adornment or practical use, the trade
in silverware has assumed a leading position, centring at Kashmir, Lucknow, Kutch,
Madras, Poona, Kuttack, and Burmah. While these articles are all in repousse
woik, handsomely wrought, they have also their characteristics, according to the
locality in which they are made. The influence of Mohammedanism is shown in
the Kashmir wares, whose ornamentations are exclusively floral in character, the
designs being chiefly taken from shawl patterns. Raised mythological figures,
lelieved by floral decorations, give to the articles collected from Madras and
Poona their pleasing effect. But the Burmese repousse work on silver is con¬
sidered the most artistic, the exhibits from all these points comprising tea and
coflee sets, wine jugs, sugar bowls, candlesticks, bread baskets, photograph artur lefp er
frames, cream and milk jugs, salt cellars, pepper casters, card and cigarette cases,
toilet sets, and boxes of many descriptions. There is also an attractive display of articles wrought in brass and
copper, chiselled, embossed, engraved, enamelled, and incrusted in a variety of designs and with a richness of
902
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
NORWAY'S BUILDING
effect which is the best possible
proof of the skill and patience
of artisan and designer.
Piled upon counters and
tables on the ground floor and
in the galleries are rich silks,
many of them woven from
Chinese material; brocades worn
by Hindoo ladies; Kashmir
shawls and silk embroideries;
silver tinsels from the hand
looms of Delhi and Agra; gold
leaf cotton prints, studded with
glass, from Poona; cloths cov¬
ered with designs in wax and
sprinkled with mica; woolen
and cotton carpets and rugs,
with goods of silk and cotton
printed and embroidered.
Carvings in black, sandal,
and teak woods are exhibited
as specimens of an industry
which has flourished in India
for many centuries. In ancient
times carvers in wood orna¬
mented the thrones of kings and
princes, the chariots of warriors,
and the shrines of temples. These were the days when the facades, doors, windows, balconies, partition
screens, and furniture in the dwellings of the rich were elaborately decorated, the custom gradually spreading
to the west. The most intricate work in sandal wood comes from the Madras and Bombay presidencies, My¬
sore and Burmah, the Burmese carvings being especially bold and fantastic. The Punjab and the northwest
provinces supply the best inlaid specimens, their most noticeable characteristic being the combination of brass
wire with dark colored woods. Beautiful lacquer work, ivory carvings, water color paintings on ivory, most of
them miniatures of the Mogul emperors, enamels on gold and silver, idols and sacred animals in marble, such
as are seen in the temples, and the delicate pottery which the high caste Hindoo will never use but once, are
presented in many forms and symphonies of coloring.
Finally there are relics and curios, some of historic character. One of the most remarkable is a collection
of swords, battle-axes, matchlocks, powder-horns, spears, bows, arrows, and shields, representing the weapons
of the Hindoos and Mohammedans, the Burmese and the warlike Mahrattas. There are the finest of Damascus
blades, the steel of which is said to have come from India, the entire group being suggestive of the wars and
conquests of ancient and modern times. Old manuscripts and pictures, antique musical instruments, bronze
vessels and idols from Thibet and Nepaul, Indian, Indo-Scythian and Grseco-Bactrian coins, and a quantity of
chinaware sent long ago by the emperors of the celestial kingdom as tribute to
the Mogul emperors, are among the curiosities here displayed.
There are also living curiosities in the East India building, among them
one Gobind Burshad, a Brahmin high-priest, and the first one, as he claims, to
visit the United States. Gobind is a man of striking appearance, with jet black-
hair slightly tinged with grey and features thoughtful and intent. He is a
scholarly man withal, speaking English, Mogul, and Persian fluently, in addition
to Hindostanee. What pleases him best is to discuss theosophy and to show his
knowledge of the ancient traditions of his native land, especially as to its gods,
of which there are many in this temple—gods of brass and bronze, of ivory and
wood, of silver, gold, and precious stones. Of all the antique specimens he
knows the history, and taking up, for instance, an ivory statuette will declare
that it came from a Buddhist temple where, 1,000 years ago, it was worshipped
as the god of war. chr. ravn, NORWEGIAN commissioner
Of the courts which represent the British colony of Ceylon, two are in the
departments of Agriculture and Manufactures, one in the Woman’s building, and the fourth remains to be
described. Except of course in the Manufactures division, all are mainly intended to place before the public
the . tea industries of the country as developed within recent years, exports of tea increasing from 23 pounds
in 1873 to 162,000 pounds in 1880, and 72,000,000 in 1892. Since the coffee plantations were almost
destroyed by the ravages of a fungoid pest, the cultivation of tea has become the staple industry of Ceylon, and
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
903
for its products are claimed special dietetic properties, with superior richness of flavor and absolute purity and
cleanliness. By the Planters’ association of the chamber of commerce funds were promptly subscribed, and a
local committee, acting in accord with the royal commission in London, undertook the task of organizing the
exhibits, J. J. Grinlinton, as special commissioner, proceeding to Chicago to secure the necessary space.
The Ceylon court, which serves at once as government building, exhibition hall, and tea kiosk, consists
of a central octagon, with wings facing north and south, raised on a projecting basement and approached by
stairways carved in designs from ruined fanes, some of them erected several centuries before the Christian era.
In its columnar design the structure is mainly of the Dravidian order of architecture, adopted with modifica¬
tions in the ancient temples of the Cingalese. Native woods only are used as materials, some 20,000 feet of
timber being cut and shaped for the purpose. The framework of the exterior is of satinwood and the projecting
roofs terminate, at the eaves line in ornamental valance tiling, the roofs themselves being covered with imitation pan¬
tiles, rising at the centre
in tiers and culminating
in a spire, with finial as
in the temple of the
Sacred Tooth of Buddha.
In the octagonal
hall, entered through a
handsomely carved door¬
way, the ceiling is sup¬
ported by pillars on which
are designs of the lotus
and plantain, fashioned
as in the royal temple
and the king’s granary
at Kandy. A score of
native woods are used in
these pillars; among them
ebony, tamarind, satin,
and ironwood, their
names, whether botanical
or in plain English or
Cingalee, being indicat¬
ed on labels. On oppo¬
site sides of the hall are
colossal figures of Bud¬
dha and Vishnu, with
others, disposed at inter¬
vals, of a Buddhist priest
and his bowl for receiving
alms, of a Kandyan chief, and a Veddah and his wife, very few of the aboriginal Veddahs now remaining alive.
I he panels are painted by native artists, the most interesting being those which represent the religious proces¬
sions, with figures of tom-tom beaters, standard bearers, pikemen, elephants, and devil-dancers.
The exhibits, contained in cases of ebony, and satinwood, are grouped around the octagon and wings,
consisting, apart from tea and coffee, of native manufactures, works of art, and curios; among them jewelry and
the quaintest of carvings in ivory, ebony and cocoanut shells. Of tea there are fifty varieties from twice as
many plantations, and in the tea kiosk above the central hall, the beverage is served as in Kandy or Colombo.
In this apartment are paintings of modern design, its decorations
resembling those of the chamber below, but of less elaborate
pattern. Recesses are formed by a double row of pillars hung
with oriental draperies; and here are tea-poys, or ornamental
tables, made of satin and margosa woods.
On a triangular site opposite the Fisheries building is a
picturesque structure of many colors, towers appearing upon
different portions, with a tall spire rising from the centre, the
entire edifice being a combination of church and castle archi¬
tecture. The main hall, hexagonal in shape, is 60 feet across;
above it is a cupola, and above this a steeple with flagstaff,
from which is displayed the Swedish ensign, some 150 feet above
ground. The building was forwarded in sections from Sweden,
and so constructed as to represent the style prevailing in
churches and country homes in the time of Columbus. Worked
THE TURKISH BUILDING
PRUDENCIA DE MURGUIONDO,
URUGUAY
IBRAHIM HAKKY BEY
FISHERIES AND FOREIGN BUILDINGS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
905
artistically into the base of the main fagade are specimens of the brick, terra cotta, and cement work produced
by the most prominent manufactories in Sweden. Here also, as in the staircase, are tiles of polished cement;
but with these exceptions the entire structure is of wood.
The exhibits include one of the most complete collections of Swedish iron, both in the ore and manu¬
factured forms, that has ever
been seen in America. The
most scientific display, designed
to illustrate the metallurgy of
iron and steel, is made by the
association of Swedish iron
masters, the object of which is
to promote this industry in every
possible way. It advances
money to its members to assist
them in extending their works,
making appropriations also for
the purpose of conducting ex¬
periments and investigating new
processes. Several iron and
steel works show iron ores from
various mines, such manufact¬
ures as ingots and billets of
Martin and Bessemer steel, sub¬
jected to tests for strength,
ductility, and other desirable
qualities. Drawn wire and wire-
rope, cast steel goods and ma¬
terials of war, rolled pipes, iron
in bars and sheets, hammers
and tools for working stone,
minerals, and wood, are also displayed, together with engine and car wheels anchors, anvils, parts of steam
engines, and other mechanisms.
By the geological department of the government are exhibited glass models and maps of the Gladhammer,
Ljusnarsberg, and other mines. There are also earthenware and glass products, gold and silver work, fire and
facing bricks, tiles and ornaments for mural decorations, yellow, brown-glazed, and gray-burned; unglazed vessels,
pedestals, and garden decorations, as well as glazed earthenware pipes and tubes, pottery for household and
chemical uses, and earthenware stoves, table sets, and toilet ware. In the line of glassware are many
articles for the table, cut, plain, etched, and gilded, and various exhibition cups for art museums, for which
awards were received at expositions held in Paris, Moscow, Copenhagen, Bogota, Philadelphia, and several
cities in Sweden. Among objects representing art metal work may be mentioned a buckler of chased steel-plate,
with border ornaments in old Scan¬
dinavian style, gilt and deeply etched.
A viking ship in full sail is seen in
the centre, around it a score of scenes
founded upon the Saga. Lamps of
chased brass and vases of steel at¬
tract much attention, with fans and
jewel cases of the latter metal, vari¬
ously etched and gilded. There are
also sets of silver church plate, a
toilet service of silver gilt formerly be¬
longing to Queen Sophia Magdalena,
the reproduction of a cup presented
in 1631 to Gustavus Adolphus by the
citizens of Nuremberg, and collec¬
tions of antique drinking cups and
jewelry associated with the history of
the country. Mention should also be
made of the exhibits of wood pulp,
wrapping and printing paper, and
other factory products for which
Sweden is famous.
OFFICE, TURKISH BUILDING
906
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
OFFICE OF TURKISH COMMISSION
Elsewhere are imitations of Venetian lace, knitted shawls and coverlets, embroidered underwear, a
collection of fans from the Baroness Norderfalk, and an- exhibit of hangings, tapestries, and carpets from the
Friends of handiwork, a Stockholm association founded a score of years ago for the encouragement of art
industry among Swedish women. Private exhibitors also show embroideries in the style of. the Lapps, portieres,
carvings in wood, antique furniture covered with Gobelin and gilt leather, and silk embroideries and screens.
Another attraction in the government pavilion is a representation of a Swedish home, in a suite of rooms
completely furnished and decorated according to native customs by the Industrial Art society, which in
cooperation with agricultural organizations has done much for the improvement of domestic industries. Various
manufacturers and house furnishers, as well as makers of curtains, portieres, and wall hangings, together with
sculptors and painters, add to the exposition of household decorations as understood in this country of home-
loving people.
In contrast with these is the exhibit of the Swedish tourists’ clubs, showing not only typical costumes
and outfits but the attractions offered the pleasure seeker. There are models of snow-skates, toboggans, and
sledges propelled by the foot; sections of boats that have been used by the Royal Swedish sailing club ever
since its foundation; reproductions of yachts and fishing boats such as ply
along the coast of Sweden; skates for racing and
for military service, with the sails by which skaters
are propelled, and yachts that skim over the ice.
In the background is a large picture of the
capital of Sweden with its royal castle, near which
are life size figures in wax attired in national garb.
ENRIQUE DUPUY DE LOME
In panoramic form are shown a Swedish landscape
and a Swedish cottage with its inmates; while of
landscape paintings belonging to legitimate art, the
best are those of the Ljungans river valley. There
are hunting scenes in which the bear and fox are the
central figures; Lapps are depictured roaming over
CARLOS R. GALLARDO, ARGENTINE
REPUBLIC
INTERIOR OF SPANISH BUILDING
Liberal Arts department. From the directress of needlework at the public schools of Stockholm comes a series
of models illustrating her system of instruction, while the most approved methods of teaching sloyd are repre¬
sented by the normal school at Naas. Technical schools and special institutions display the articles made by
their pupils, the Agricultural society of Bjekinge having a series of models in woodwork, with textile fabrics
and objects fashioned of bone. Elsewhere, in drawings, photographs, models, and
apparatus, the Royal and other gymnastic institutes show what is being done in the
way of physical training.
Viewed in its entirety, the Swedish exhibition forms a complete presentation
of the industrial and social condition of the kingdom, and for this much credit is
due to the royal commissioner, Artur Leffler, whose zealous and intelligent efforts
are worthy of all commendation. Swedish day fell on the 20th of July, and was
quietly celebrated. A parade including many societies was reviewed in front of the
national building, assembling later in Festival hall, where a concert was held, after
which came fireworks and a procession of floats.
Norways’ contributions to the Fair are divided among several departments.
Her fisheries’ exhibit is one of the best of its kind; in the hall of Manufactures is
a large display installed in a pavilion of Norway pine; in the agricultural section
the groups, though small, are remarkable for their attractive setting; while the
Norwegian gallery in the Art department is not unworthy of the genius of her
908 THE book of the fair
their snow-covered plains, and on canvas are transcribed the most striking views in the neighborhood of Stock¬
holm, with its approach by sea. In statuary the bust of Gustavus Adolphus is a well executed composition,
and in portraiture there are Charles XII and Oscar II. d hus it will be seen that here, as in the palace of
Fine Arts, the works of native artists incline to domestic themes and personages.
In the galleries are the exhibits which illustrate the prevailing systems of mental and physical education,
together with a large collection of publications, globes, and instruments, forming the Swedish section of the
OFFICIAL RESIDENCE OF GUATEMALAN COMMISSION
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
909
painters. The government building, in which are no exhibits, is a unique composition of the Stavkirke style of
architecture, representing a church of the twelfth century, a cross-gabled edifice, with peaks ornamented, as in
the days of Leif Erikson, with the prows of Viking ships. It is fashioned entirely of Norway pine, was built
in Norway, and is said to be a specimen of the structures manufactured by Norwegian firms for shipment to
Mediterranean and other ports. The idea of an old Norse church is also carried out in the interior decorations,
in the massive beams and simple but effective carvings.
Several times during the term of the Fair the Norsemen held celebration. 1 he two most noteworthy
occasions were the arrival of the Viking ship from Norway, described in the Transportation chapter, and the
dedication of the pavilion, on May 17th, in commemoration of the 79th anniversary of independence. The
procession, which marched to Festival hall, consisted of Scandinavian workmen, members of Norwegian lodges,
riflemen, turners, and a number of girls in native costume—blue skirt, with bands of red braid around the
bottom, a bright red waist with white sleeves, and a white apron.
Knute Nelson, governor of Minnesota, spoke in his native tongue;
and Congressman Haugan, of Wisconsin, and Julius E. Olson of
the state university were also
’ ; si 1 >?' . ■ s ' : i is
' > . • - ^
. MM
MBS
/>< ’ H B
;i mm
COSTA RICA’S EDIFICE
among the speakers, the latter
making some pertinent remarks
on the occasion which they had
met to commemorate.
The Turkish building,
opposite the Fisheries pavilion,
is a small but unique edifice,
typical in style of architecture
and with oriental decorations.
Its plan is in imitation of a
fountain opposite the Babi-
Hama-Youn in Constantinople,
erected some two centuries ago
by Sultan Ahmed III. The
exterior is entirely covered with
wood carvings executed in
Damascus specially for the
purpose, and it is estimated that
twenty workmen were employed
six months on these panels
of intricate design.
The structure is used for
displaying the collective exhibits from all the countries over which the star and crescent flies. Most of them
are fabrics of such fine texture and intrinsic value that they are protected by glass cases, which form an
irregular circle around the room and rise to the ceiling. In the centre is a star-shaped case and around it are
grouped the exhibits of mechanical and scientific productions, a display which tells of remarkable progress
within the last few years. Turkish rugs and pearl inlaid work from Damascus take the lead, but gold and
silver embroidery and silks, ranging in color from the most delicate tints to the most gorgeous hues, occupy
much of the space. Chibouques, their long stems covered with gold and jewels, beautiful silver ornaments,
bracelets, ear-rings, and the high-heeled pattens worn in Turkish baths, are side by side with ship torpedoes,
soaps, scents, minerals, and coffees.
Back of the main building are the quarters of the imperial commission, with offices, a coffee-room, and
a large reception room, decorated with gaily-colored silks, embroideries, and tapestry,
with divans of oriental fashion, native furniture, paintings, and bric-a-brac.
On the opening day, the 26th of June, the building appeared at its best, and
was the theme of general comment by hundreds of foreign and state commissioners,
Fair officials and invited guests. “Long Life to the Sultan,” was the inscription
above the portals through which they passed between lines of Syrians and Bedouins
from the Midwiy plaisance, gorgeously attired. d he visitors were presented to
Ibrahim Hakky Bey, commissioner-general, and to the imperial commissioner, Ahmed
Fahri Bey, then to the other members of the commission, after which they were
escorted through a group of gaily costumed Turks to the reception room, the space
between it and the main structure containing a Turkish marquee.
Luncheon was served in Turkish fashion, except that champagne took the place
of coffee, and there was music by the Second Regiment band of Chicago. Assisting
Hakky Bey and Fahri Bey were several of the members of the commission, Charles
Henrotin as consul-general and Sursock Effendi as consul acting as hosts. All the MANUEL M DE PERALTA
9 io
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Turks wore European costumes, Prince Albert
coats, black trowsers, neatly fitting gloves, and
on the head a red black-tasselled fez. The
ceiling was draped with the rarest of Turkish
silks, and the walls were covered with hangings
of the richest quality, attendants in the garb of
the orient and Occident being stationed in the
doorways and corners. A few short speeches
were made; but there were no formal exercises,
and this was declared to be one of the most
pleasant receptions ever held in Jackson park.
Spain’s official building was modelled after
the historic merchants’ exchange building at
Valencia, known as La Lorja, built in the style
of architecture which marked the transition period
from the Gothic to the renaissance. While Col¬
umbus was in Lisbon soliciting the aid of king
John, the silk inerch-
COLOMBIA’S EDIFICE
ants of Valencia were
negotiating with one
Pedro Comte, a lead¬
ing architect of the
day, for the erection
of a suitable edifice. In 1482 it was completed; and in its reproduction is well repre¬
sented the composite architecture of the times. It is a massive structure of buff
sandstone, the square tower at one end, the arched doorway, the pointed windows,
each terminating in a cross, the fretwork ornamentations, the mail-clad warriors, the
figures symbolic of commerce and finance, the heavy cornices, and the parapets solid
as those of a fortress, all being faithful copies of the original. The interior is almost
devoid of architectural ornaments, except that it is divided in the centre by a row
of cathedral-like pillars which extend to the roof, with a series of pilasters on either
side. A circular stairway leads to the tower, a fac-simile of the prison used in the
CARLOS MARTINEZ SILVA
original for bankrupt or defaulting
merchants.
In oil paintings, engravings,
prints, and photographs are repre¬
sented many historic and modern
incidents and personages. Near the
main entrance is a large painting
of Ruiz Luna, entitled, “October
1492,” showing Columbus and
his crew in two small boats, the
caravels being anchored in the off¬
ing. Elsewhere the discoverer is
represented as before the catholic
kings, and here is the hall of the
ambassadors at Seville, where cen¬
tres so much of the history of the
Columbian era. Moorish palaces
and noted battle-fields, with such
famous haunts as the garden of the
Escurial and the cloisters of the
Toledo cathedral, are reproduced in
oil and water colors. Rome and
Egypt are freely drawn upon for
subjects, among them sketches of
famous temples, while one of the
most powerful paintings in the
entire collection is Arpa y Perea’s
“Pompey’s Funeral;” the body resting on a blazing pyre, the stolid Moors seated near by on the banks of Nile,
and the pyramids in the distance, as nearly symbolic of eternity as handiwork of man can be. Not far away
VENEZUELA
THE BRAZILIAN BUILDING FROM THE NORTH POND
912
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
the commanding features of Cortes appear in contrast with studies of old-time and modern peasants, Catalan,
Valencian, and Andalusian. There are also the interiors of farm-houses, landscapes peaceful and wild, vineyard
scenes, and scenes of the mountain and the plain. Specimens of steel and copper etchings are plentiful, and
there are drawings showing the plans and decorations of theatres, circuses, hospitals, and public buildings, with
carvings in ivory of religious and architectural themes.
La Lonja, it may here be said, was selected for reproduction partly because the Spanish minister at
Washington and the commissioner-general, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, were natives of Valencia, the latter
preferring as his official headquarters a structure which represents one of the architectural features of that
ancient and historic city. The edifice, together with the Spanish pavilions in all the general departments, was
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE BRAZILIAN BUILDING
opened by Princess Eulalia on the 13th of June. The ceremonies were of the simplest and without formality,
the building being tastefully decorated in honor of the occasion, though only completed a few hours before the
arrival of the royal party. The princess passed to the entrance-way between borders of yellow daisies, under
a canopy of Spanish and American flags, a military band playing the national anthem of Spain. Then came
luncheon and the reception of a few friends, with more music, and La Lonja was open to the public.
First among the headquarters of the Latin-American nations may be mentioned Guatemala’s building,
near the verge of the north lagoon and southeast of the Art palace. 1 he exterior is of Moorish architecture,
with interior plan of home design, and with excellent arrangement for their intended purposes of the roomy and
well lighted halls. The structure is of wood and staff, its sides adorned with pictures of tropical plants, of
which living specimens are freely displayed in the grounds adjacent, including the finest collection of orchids in
Jackson park. In front is a comfortably furnished sitting-room, its walls and columns draped with the national
colors. In the centre is an open court, with galleries supported by colonnades, as is the fashion in Spanish-
American countries. A terrace extends to the edge of the lagoon, where a landing faces the principal entrance,
and for the further accommodation of visitors there is a rustic pavilion partially surrounded with agave and
coffee plants, where by waiters attired in the picturesque costumes of the country is served a beverage that
rivals the extract of the Mocha or Java berry.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
In common with other Central and South American
countries, the exhibits of Guatemala are contained almost
entirely within its government building. In the eastern
wing a spacious hall is stored with manufactures, relics,
and works of art; and here perhaps is the most interest¬
ing feature of the display; for while Guatemala is not a
manufacturing country, she possesses most of the ele¬
ments and in embryo many of the industries needed for
such development, awaiting only the advent of capital
and well directed enterprise. Among the articles arranged
in- show-cases are silk, woollen, and cotton fabrics, em¬
broideries, clothing, mattings, hammocks of hennequen
and agave fibre, musical instruments, crockery, and
wooden vessels skilfully carved by hand. Of relics there m. v.arizaga, commissioner gen-
„ , , . , „ , , . ... , . ERAL FROM ECUADOR
miguel serrano, d|legate general are pre-Columbian and post-Columbian antiquities, the
most valuable of which are included in the archaeological collection of Manuel S.
Elgueta, while in art there are photographs, statuary, and wax-works, if the last can be said to belong to the
domain of art.
In the western wing are illustrated the flora and fauna, the agricultural, horticultural, and mineral products
of the country, so grouped as to convey a general idea of its resources. Here are maize, wheat, barley, beans,
lentils, sesame, and other cereal, leguminous, and herbaceous plants. There are all the fruits of tropic and
TEMPLE OF HOODEN, JAPAN
temperate climes, with spices, frankincense, oils, dyes, fibres both animal and vegetable, herbs both edible and
medicinal, rubber, storax, tobacco, and a large assortment of cabinet woods. Coffee, the staple of Guatemala
and forming the bulk of her exports, is largely represented; nor should we omit the samples of sugar and of
Soconusco cocoa, the latter in demand wherever cocoa is used as a beverage. Of mineral products there is a
valuable collection; for while mining receives but little attention, the country is by no means lacking in mineral
wealth. Geological specimens are also numerous, and in map form are further illustrated the geological, as well
as the topographical and hydrographical features of the republic.
In Costa Rica’s home at the Fair is housed a choice collection of exhibits from
this enterprising and prosperous nation, the connecting link between the two Americas,
and often styled the Yankees of Latin-America. Here is represented a region rich in
resources, mineral and agricultural, with plant and forest growth of tropical luxuriance,
the former of commercial value for manufacturing purposes and the latter for cabinet
and construction timber. In educational matters Costa Rica is far in advance of her
sister republics, supporting some 350 primary schools, in addition to high-schools, a
university, and national and agricultural colleges, for the maintenance of which was
voted in 1892 more than $500,000, or one tenth of the total appropriation. In other
respects the country is no less progressive, having a large and increasing trade with
Europe and the United States, with excellent postal and telegraph systems, and with
railroad connection between the Atlantic and Pacific.
Situated on the eastern verge of the north lagoon, the building forms a neat
and airy domicile, with a score of double casement windows and ten large skylights
H. GUZMAN, NICARAGUA
9 H
THE BOOK OF TEIE FAIR
A ROOM IN THE TEMPLE
on the roof. In the front a spacious piazza stands on the brink of the waters, and on each side is a portal
flanked by Doric pilasters, above it the shield of the republic in bold relief. The iron frieze and cornices are
of tasteful design; the outer surface is painted in effective colors, and the inner walls frescoed in suitable
designs. The structure is partially surrounded with trees, their foliage masking the open doors and windows
with a curtain of living green. The entire effect is that of a cool and cosey retreat, a pleasant resting place,
but one where there is also much of interest,
much that is novel and unfamiliar.
The interior forms a single room or hall,
without partitions and with a gallery around its
walls. The exhibits suggest a country rich in
raw materials, most but not all of which can be
manufactured to better advantage by older com¬
munities. Coffee _ and bananas are the staple
exports of Costa Rica, and these are freely dis¬
played, together with other products of the soil
and sea. Of agricultural and vegetable speci¬
mens there are such as are raised in common
with other countries, and there is one that is
probably found in no other country. This is
known as “vegetable ivory,” almost as hard and
white as tusk of narwhal, but nevertheless a
seeding plant and one that is now being culti¬
vated for manufacturing purposes. Of rubber
there are many kinds; of medicinal plants a large
variety, and among woods there are mahogany, as common almost in Costa Rica as the oak in Pennsylvania,
and the cedron, whose surface when polished shows colors such as no painter can depict.
Of exhibits of metals and minerals there are gold, silver, nickel, copper, lead, iron, zinc, sulphur, and
bismuth; these with clays, building stones, and earths of commercial value being widely distributed in Costa
Rica and in paying deposits. Manufactures are shown for the most part in primary forms; but there are jewelry,
hardware, and cabinet work of excellent quality, with intricate and ingenious designs in sea and tortoise shells.
Of raw silk there are several cases and of textile fibres, both animal and vegetable, there is a liberal display,
the latter, when passing into domestic use, being fashioned into the roughest of home-made clothing.
In the gallery are landscape and other paintings by prominent artists, with portraits of historic personages,
the former representing mainly the scenic wonders of the cordilleras. Plere also is a collection of birds,
indigenous and some of them peculiar
to Central America, as the kelzal, a
large and beautiful species with bril¬
liant plumage, but one that cannot
live within a cage, and hence was
adopted by Guatemala as one of the
emblems impressed on her seal of
state. There are also varieties of the
canary, which in Costa Rica is plumed
in yellow, black, or white, and again
in a mixture of all these colors. There
are no live birds or beasts within the
building, except for a cage of diminu¬
tive monkeys, with abnormal tufts of
hair crowning their tiny and wrinkled
foreheads. Finally there are ethno¬
logical and educational exhibits, the
former consisting mainly of Indian
relics and weapons.
Almost facing the Guatemala
building is Colombia’s tiny home at
the Fair, a white two-story edifice,
dwarfed by the towering structures of
Germany and Sweden. In style it is of the Italian renaissance, a domical glass roof rising abruptly from the
centre surmounted by the national emblem, a condor with outstretched wings, on either side of which is a group
of figures supporting a globe, and above this a flag-staff whence the national colors are displayed alternately
with the stars and stripes. In the panels under the dome are inscribed the names of President Nunez and
Vice-president Coro, with those of Bogota, the capital, and the nine political departments.
’ GROUP OF JAPANESE
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
9i5
■
THE HAYTIAN BUILDING
On the ground floor are small but interesting collections which speak of the history, products, and fauna
of the country. From the graves of Indians, some of them representative of prehistoric times, come specimens
of idols and images, pottery, wood-carvings, water bottles, helmets, trumpets, breastplates, necklaces, and
bangles and anklets of gold. In wax statuettes are shown the features and physique of the natives, attired in
garments fashioned by themselves, and there is at least one article
which is proof of native skill in the line of fancy needlework. This
is a silk-embroidered portrait of Director-general Davis, wrought in
colors from a photograph taken
by a female artist of the Quim-
baya Indian tribe. Colombian
coffee, especially such as is
raised in the vicinity of Bogota,
is prominently displayed, while
cotton, another staple export,
is exhibited in such manufac¬
tured forms as hammocks and
clothing. There are also not a
few specimens of gold; but more
beautiful than all is the collec¬
tion of moths and butterflies
native to the country, and with
all the rich hues which nature
lavishes on the insect life of
the tropics.
For Venezuela’s mansion
was erected a one-story build¬
ing of marble in three divisions, with Graeco-Roman facades and domical roofs, those above the wings being
surmounted with statues of Columbus and Simon Bolivar. Within is sufficient evidence that the latter is held
in esteem, not only in his native country but in Peru and elsewhere, as the hero of South American inde¬
pendence. A sword with 1,400 brilliants, a belt with three-score precious stones, a saddle cloth weighty with
golden braid, and “El Sol de Peru,” ablaze with diamonds, are all presents from the Peruvians, whose liberty
he won in the campaign which ended at Pichincha in 1822. There are also the swords that he used in action,
and on one of the walls is the banner which Pizarro carried to conquest, presented nearly three centuries later
to the national congress, by congress to the marischal de Ayacucho, and by the marischal to Bolivar. Finally
there is a medallion portrait of Washington, a present from his family and handed to the deliverer of five
republics by Lafayette, thus linking together the three central figures in the achievement of New World liberty.
The material riches of Venezuela are freely displayed in her classic pavilion, tastefully decorated in yellow,
blue, and red, colors symbolic of the state. First among the raw products is coffee, of which 1,500,000 bags
a year are exported or consumed. There are also silk, wool, cotton, and other fibres; native woods, including
dye-woods; tonka beans and tobacco; oils, gums, and nuts. Of minerals there are asphaltum, petroleum, and
copper ore, the last from a mine which is said to be the second largest in the world. Of manufactures there
are chocolates, starches, soaps, hammocks, basket-work, and leather in several forms, with saddles mounted in
silver and embroidered in silk.
But the art collection is the feature in
Venezuela’s pavilion; this, as I have said, being
excluded from the general display, through tardy
application for space, though belonging to the
department of Fine Arts and as such examined by
the international board of judges. There are but
twenty-five works in all, and with only six artists
represented; their paintings grouped in the main
hall around a central dais. First among them may
be mentioned Cristobal Rojas’ “Purgatory,” a
vigorous but grewsome composition, showing the
souls of men and women writhing amid the flames,
an angel hovering above with messages of peace
which fall on ears that cannot hear. This work,
as is related, cost the artist his life; for in order
to give realism to his conception he studied daily
for several hours the effect of the flames in Parisian
smelting works, inhaling the poisonous atmosphere
and thus inviting the attack of consumption which
HAYTIAN EXHIBITS
GEORGE BIRKHOFF, JR., NETHERLANDS
D. JANNOPOULO, GREECE
V. I. SHOPOFF, BULGARIA
MARQUIS ENRICO UNGARO, ITALY
A. MACKIE, MONACO
A. B. KING, LIBERIA
J. J. QUELCH, BRITISH GUIANA
CHUNG KYUNG WON, CQREA
W. E. ROTHERY, LIBERIA
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
917
ended his career. In all his works is a certain sadness of tone; for the genius of sadness possessed him, even
at the time when he was sent as a student to Paris to complete his training at the expense of the Venezuelan
government.
Arturo Michelina, who now stands at the head of the Venezuelan school, has several canvases showing
his range and grasp of art. His portrait of Bolivar is the only one exhibited in the art chamber; but there
are others elsewhere in the pavilion. In ‘'Charlotte Corday Going to the Scaffold,” the central figure is passing
through the door of her cell, the eyes of a young artist following her with fixed and sorrowful gaze, while the
jailer is carelessly lighting his pipe; for to him such scenes are of daily occurrence. “Penthesilea” is one of
Michelina’s strongest works, and here the Amazon queen is represented not as Virgil describes her;
Penthesilea furens, lunatis agmina peltis,
Ducit Amazonidum.
She is wounded and some of her followers are bearing her from the field, while all around her the battle
rages, and men and women lie prostrate dabbled in their blood. “Charity” is a most powerful study, and by
many considered the best of Michelina’s canvases. A woman is lying on her death-bed, with a child at her
side, and except for the pallet on which she rests, there is no article of furniture and not a morsel of food in
this home of poverty and woe. A lady and a little girl are entering the room with relief that comes too late,
and the look in the
eyes of the dying
woman is one that
they will never forget.
The Brazilian
building is the most
ornate of the South
American pavilions,
one in which the arti¬
ficer has given full
rein to his fancy; for
by the Exposition
management there
were no restrictions as
to the designs of state
or foreign structures;
only that they must
be attractive and in
harmony with the
general plan. In style
it is of the French
renaissance, nearly
150 feet square, and
surmounted by a
dome 120 feet in
height from floor to
finial, around which
are campaniles, each with an open observatory. On each face are columns of the Corinthian order, and on
the facades and the stylobate of the dome are Indian and other figures symbolical of the republic. The ground
floor is almost without partitions and devoted mainly to the exhibit of coffee. On the upper floor the assembly
room is handsomely draped and furnished; in its centre a group of palms and ferns, above which is a figure
of Mercury. There are also ladies reception parlors, and in rear of the building is an annex where by native
waiters is served such coffee as nowhere else can be had; for as the Brazilians claim, the art of roasting the
berry and preparing the beverage is unknown in the United States.
In the central hall are more than 2,000 specimens of the 370,000 tons of coffee yearly produced in
Brazil, or about two thirds of the world’s supply, one half of it coming from the state of St Paulo. The
samples are ranged in glass jars grouped on tables or in pyramidal form, and represent the greatest of Brazilian
industries; for nearly all the coffee sold as of the Mocha or Java varieties comes from the southern republic,
whose choicer products are not inferior to either.
In addition to the Brazilian collection in the palace of Fine Arts there is one of equal merit in the
government building, including Pedro Americo’s famous painting of the “Proclamation of Brazilian Independence”
by the emperor in 1S22. “Tiradentes, by Aurelio de Figuerdo, represents the execution of this proto-martyr of
Brazil. Antonio Parreiras has three canvases, one of which is a “Panorama of the City of Nictheroy.” Insley
Pacheco has a number of landscape views, most of them from the neighborhood of Rio Janeiro, whose harbor
is the most picturesque in the world. Among portraits is one of General Deodoro by Hennque Bernardelli,
918
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
eight centuries ago at
the original of which is still in a fair
TONKIN COLONY BUILDING
ancl by Girardet is a medallion of Benjamin
Constant, leader of the revolution by which
Dom Pedro was deposed.
The Japanese commissioners erected
as their headquarters a small structure near
the northern extremity of the wooded island,
where it is partially concealed by trees and
shrubbery. In the vicinity is the temple of
Phoenix, called Hooden in honor of the
mythical bird of Japan, and in part a repro¬
duction of the historic edifice of that name
built more than
Uji,
state of preservation. It is of two stories,
with a wing at either side and a corridor at
the back; its design prepared by the gov¬
ernment architect of Japan, the interior
decorations supplied by the Tokio academy, and the furniture and works of art by the Imperial museum. In
the architectural scheme are illustrated three historic epochs. The main hall represents the style of the
Tokugawa period, dating back a century and a half, reproducing the sitting-room of one of the great lords of
these days. The south wing is planned as in the Ashikaga era of the fifteenth century, and the north wing
after the golden or Pujiwara era of 850 years ago. Native woods form the body of the temple, its roof being
covered with sheets of copper. The ceilings of the main hall are divided into panels of lacquered wood, those
of the two side rooms being elaborately decorated with phoenixes in gold and colors, with similar figures on the
walls and sliding doors.
Near the German building Hayti erected a modest pavilion of the southern colonial style; with broad
piazzas on three of its sides and surmounted by a central cupola, from the flagstaff of which is displayed the
national standard in horizontal stripes of red and blue. Above the main portico is the coat-of-arms, and below
it, in gilt letters, the words Republique Haitienne, with the figures 1492, 1892, and 1804, the last referring to
the acquisition of independence. Of the interior space a large portion is occupied by a central hall, draped
with festoons of colors, and in the centre a statue of “Reverie” by a native artist. Relics are freely displayed;
among them the rapier of Toussaint L’Ou-
verture, while others refer to the Colum¬
bian era and to the aboriginal inhabitants,
including one of the anchors lost from
Columbus’ flag-ship in 1493, the other
being placed at the entrance to the con¬
vent of La Rabida. There are also por- .
traits and busts of prominent men, as of
the Haytian liberator, of the first presi¬
dent of the republic and of Frederick
Douglass.
All that Hayti has contributed to
the Fair is contained within her pavilion,
where first of all are native woods, some
polished and others in their natural state,
the most massive specimen being a huge
block of mahogany. There are also min¬
erals, fibres, needlework, laces, embroid¬
eries, and various articles of manufacture,
especially in leather, including some highly
finished saddlery. Coffee is a feature in
the display, and of this there are some
two-score varieties, the beverage itself being served in an apartment in rear of the hall. Of sugar there are
numerous samples, these with syrups, liquors, liqueurs, and a few other articles completing the Haytian exhibits.
JAPANESE TEA GARDEN
World's Fair Miscellany. —The French colonies are repre¬
sented at the Fair by several buildings, among which may be
mentioned those of Tonkin, Tunis, and Algeria. The first is
identical with that which was erected for the Paris Exposition of
1889. It is a rectangular structure, its interior partially finished
in walnut, with stained glass windows, and is covered with
Chinese hieroglyphics, some of which date back to the days of
Confucius.
In connection with England’s participation in the Fair may
be mentioned the White Horse inn, a reproduction of a famous
hostelry at Ipswich, where excellent meals and the choicest of
liquors were served at somewhat extravagant prices. But to
many the main attraction was the barmaids brought from Eng¬
land for the occasion. All were of the better class, never
indulging in flirtation, and serving their tankards of ale or glasses
of mulled port or claret, in the making of which they were spe-
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
919
cially skilled, with strict
attention to business.
They were well-favored
lasses enough, bright¬
eyed, buxom, and trig;
each with light auburn
hair, for this was a
necessary qualifica¬
tion, and in neat but
orthodox attire, with
bib and apron of spot¬
less white.
James Shanks, lord-
mayor of Dublin with
his wife and party, among
whom were two Irish
members of parliament,
arrived in Chicago on
the 25th of September
rear admiral aurity and met with a cordial
welcome, being enter¬
tained as guests of the city and the World’s Fair directory. Be¬
fore the celebration of Irish day, in which he was the central
figure, the mayor paid several visits to the Exposition, and on the
28th was invited with his party to a luncheon given
by Sir Richard E. Webster, chairman of the royal
commission, and Sir Henry Trueman Wood, its
secretary. In the afternoon they attended a recep¬
tion at Lady Aberdeen’s village, tendered by Mrs
Peter White, its manager. At night the mayor and
several of his party were feasted by the city
council. There were flowers in profusion, with
music by Tomaso’s mandolin orchestra, and the
choicest of viands and liquors, among them “punch
a la Shanks,” of which his lordship doubtless par¬
took. There was also speech-making, of course,
but not enough of it to mar the feast. Other
banquets and receptions were given by Sir Richard,
who was appointed attorney-general during the
first of Salisbury's terms, and is the youngest man
who ever held that position. He is a gifted orator,
and except perhaps for Sir Charles Russell, none
stand higher in the profession, whose members say
that it is almost impossible to draw up a docu¬
ment or prepare a case in which he cannot find a
serious flaw. This the American advocates found
to their cost during the sittings of the Bering Sea
commission; for while all were able lawyers, they
were no match for the ex-attorney-general. Of
the Fair Sir Richard remarked: “The architecture
is simply marvellous in its beauty, and the vista
down the lagoons and the effect of the buildings from the water
is beyond description. Surpassing even the dreams of oriental
dreamers is the effect in its entirety of this wonderful Exposition.”
The 12th of August was
Bohemia’s day at the Fair, and
an important occasion it was;
for, as stated by Lieutenant-
governor Jonas of Wisconsin,
the orator of the day, the Bo¬
hemian population of Chicago is
greater than that of any city in
the world, with the exception of
Prague. At the exercises in
Festival hall he said it was emi¬
nently fitting that such a day
should have been named by the
management, as the exposition
of the industries and arts of
Bohemia held at Prague in 1791
was the first of the kind in his¬
tory. Antonin Dvorak, the fam¬
ous composer, was leader of the
Francisco e bustamaule orchestra, and received an ova
tion from the thousands of his
countrymen who were present.
The Bohemian societies gave an
exhibition of athletics in the
Live-stock pavilion, in which the
participants were of both sexes.
August 31st, the thirteenth
birthday of Wilhelmina, queen
of the Netherlands, was a feature
among the foreign celebrations.
Exercises at Festival hall inau¬
gurated the day, the chairman
being George Birkhoff, commis¬
sioner-general and consul. After
speeches, varied with music, the
assemblage adjourned to the s. tegima, japan
Javanese village, which was
closed to all but the Dutch and their descendants. Here they
were entertained by native dancers and musicians, drank coffee,
and enjoyed themselves to their hearts’ content.
On Mexican day, the 4th of October, the celebration was
warmly supported by the Exposition management; for Mexico was
among the first of the nations to respond to their invitations to
take part in the Fair. Miguel Serrano, commissioner-general rang
SCENE WITHIN THE JAPANESE GARDEN
the liberty bell; Commissioner McDonald of California welcomed
the Mexicans, and after music by one of their most famous mili¬
tary bands President Palmer welcomed them again. In the recital
and music halls Mexican shields and flags were profusely displayed,
together with the stars and stripes,
while bronze busts of Hidalgo,
President Diaz, and Washington
were objects which spoke of the
friendly relations between the tv'O
republics.
Guatemala’s inaugural day, the
3d of July, was celebrated with
simple but impressive ceremonies,
attended by many of the foreign
commissioners and the leading
officials of the Fair. Two days
later the Costa Rica and Vene¬
zuela buildings were formally
opened. At the former there were
no special exercises, M. M. Paralta,
as United States minister, wel¬
coming his guests in brief and
courteous phrase. Consul-general charles a. preston
920
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Saldivia spoke on behalf of Venezuela, Francisco E. Bustamaule,
his associate commissioner and minister at Washington, accepting
the building on behalf of his government. Costa Rica’s celebration
was held on the 15th of September, the day on which Central
America declared her independence in 1821. There was a recep¬
tion in the state pavilion, attended by many of the foreign com¬
missioners and Fair officials, including the Board of Lady Managers.
Colombia dedicated her home on the 20th of July, the 83d
anniversary of her independence or rather of its declaration; for
freedom was only purchased after a cruel and protracted war.
As head of the commission, Parlos Silva delivered the principal
address, the sons of President Nunez being among his audience.
Brazil opened house on the 19th of July, and held celebration on
the 7th of September, on which day of 1822 Dorn Pedro I, governor
of what was then a Portuguese colony, receiving word from his
father, the king, that the liberties of the country were to be cur¬
tailed, proclaimed its independence. On the former occasion the
only speech was by Lemos Basto, president of the republic. On
the latter there was no speech making; merely a concert in the
music hall, followed by a reception in the government building,
Rear-Admiral Maurity being president of the commission.
On a plat of ground sloping gently to the banks of the lagoon,
between the Brazilian and the Fisheries buildings, are two small
structures of wood and bamboo enclosed by a low, light fence.
Here is the Japanese tea house; its floors covered with matting,
cushions, and arm-rests, for the accommodation of those who
would partake of the beverage as prepared and served by native
attendants.
Of the many banquets tendered by foreign commissioners
none exceeded in luxury, taste, and hospitality the one given by
the Japanese commissioners, Tegima and Matsudaira. For the
occasion the banqueting hall of the Auditorium building was orna¬
mented with the flags and shields of all nations, prominent among
which was the banner of Japan, with its disk of red on a field of
white. The balcony was draped in crimson velvet, and on a line
with the columns which supported it was an array of wonderfully
decorated vases, filled with lilies and begonias. On the tables
were smaller vases containing flowers of every hue; elsewhere rose¬
bushes and orange-trees were disposed at intervals, with a back¬
ground of palms and laurels. The guests were welcomed by
Tegima, who called attention to the Japanese Exposition to be
held in Kioto in 1895, commemorating the 1,100th anniversary of its
selection as the national capital. In response, Thomas B. Bryan,
as chairman, spoke of the generous part which Japan had played
in the affairs of the Columbian Exposition.
Hayti dedicated her building on the 2d of January, the 19th
anniversary of her independence, Frederick Douglass, one of the
commissioners, with Charles A. Preston as associate, delivering the
opening address, to which Director-general Davis responded. A
special fete day was appointed for the 16th of August, when there
was a reception in the state pavilion, followed by a banquet at
the Richelieu hotel.
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-SIXTH
THE WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY
F the origin and purposes of the Congress Auxiliary, its scope and character, mention has
been made in an early chapter of this work, in connection with Exposition management.
As stated in substance by the officials themselves, its general objects may thus be briefly
recapitulated. As an adjunct or supplement to the Fair, it was intended to provide for a
fitting representation of the intellectual and moral progress and condition of the civilized
world, with the assistance of the foremost men and women in each department. Here was
a convenient time and place in which the members of kindred organizations might assemble
for the consideration of living questions relating to every phase of civilized life; might
prepare and in a measure secure the execution of more comprehensive plans than had
ever before been formulated "to promote the progress, prosperity, unity, peace, and
happiness of the world.”
It was in truth an ambitious programme; but one which, as I have said,
received the endorsement and cooperation of acknowledged leaders in every sphere of human thought and
achievement. It was, moreover, a novel feature in the annals of international expositions; nor was it merely
an appendage but an integral part of the Fair, one sanctioned by congress and authorized by the directory.
Here expression was given to the subjective, just as in the material display were expressed the objective
conditions and relations of modern civilization. Of those who attended or took part in the meetings a large
proportion were foreigners, and to many the congresses were the most interesting portion of the Exposition.
Coming as they did from cities better governed, more favored as to social environment, and with more of the
comforts and amenities of life, they had now an opportunity such as never before existed for investigating,
discussing, and comparing with their own the political, industrial, and other aspects of a nation whose existence
is counted by decades instead of by centuries, and yet has solved not a few of the problems with which the
old world is struggling.
The congresses were held in the Art institute recently erected on the lake front, in the business quarter
of Chicago, and containing two large auditoria, named Columbus and Washington halls, each with a seating
capacity of 3,000 persons, these with smaller chambers permitting a series of meetings to be held simultaneously.
Funds for the occasion were in liberal supply, the Exposition directory contributing $200,000, or one fourth of
the total cost of the building, on condition that it be placed at the disposal of the congresses during the
term of the Fair. The total attendance at all the sessions of the various departments was little short of
1,000,000, of whom at least two thirds were women, the audiences being mainly composed of the more intelligent
classes, whether Chicagonese or pilgrims of the Fair.
92 1
922
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
As first it was organized, woman was entirely unrepresented in the Congress Auxiliary; and as in other
departments, the prominent part that was later accorded to women was largely due to the efforts of Mrs Potter
Palmer, as president of the Board of Lady Managers. Addressing a letter to the authorities, she asked that
women and their interests be represented at
its gatherings. The request was granted with¬
out demur, and it was further stated that no
committee of women had been appointed
merely because such a demand had been an¬
ticipated, the managers preferring that the
suggestion should reach them from those who
had
women’s interests in charge.
COLUMBUS HALL
Thereupon
a woman’s branch was established, with Mrs
Palmer as president, and as vice-president Mrs
Charles Henrotin, than whom none are better
versed or more deeply interested in social and
humanitarian questions. The result was not
only a congress of representative women, at¬
tended by women from every quarter of the
world; but that in the nineteen congresses
held between May and October for the dis¬
cussion of subjects ranging from political
science to household economics, women took part in all but three, these being electricity, engineering, and real estate.
First on the list were the congresses of representative women, their formal opening being on Monday, the
15th of May, and their sessions lasting the entire week. As stated by Mrs Henrotin, their purposes “included
a presentation of the different fields of work in which women were extensively engaged,
either as teachers, workers in the trades, in the liberal professions, or in philanthropic
work. Though up to the middle of May the average attendance at the Fair was less
than 30,000 a day, against 270,000 for its closing month, the women’s congresses were
far more successful than many that were held much later in the season. This was due
not only to the fusion of the more important women’s associations throughout the
United States, but to the participation of foreign societies, whose representatives were
here in force. On the first day the exercises began with an address from the presi¬
dent, Charles C. Bonney, who reviewed the origin and development of the Congress
Auxiliary, presenting briefly an outline of its general plan, and acknowledging his in¬
debtedness to eminent men and women for their suggestions, encouragement, and
cooperation. As president of the woman’s branch, Mrs Palmer delivered an address of
welcome, followed by Mrs Henrotin and Mrs May Wright Sewall, who spoke of the
part that women would play in the congresses. Then came the introduction of foreign
representatives, with responses on behalf of foreign countries, this being
continued at the evening session. Here was manifested the world-wide
participation in the congresses; for among those introduced were women
from nearly all European countries; from Canada, Iceland, Australia, and
South America; other sessions being attended also by women from India,
China, and japan, from Mexico and Central America, though from the
all other countries combined,
day an address was delivered in Washington hall
by Elizabeth Cady Stanton on the civil and social evolution of woman,
followed by one from Marie Stromberg on the
evolution of the Russian woman. At the evening
session Julia Ward Howe spoke of the moral
initiative as related to woman, and Kate Tupper
Galpin of California, on the ethical influence of
woman in education. In Columbus hall the sub¬
jects treated were woman in relation to govern¬
ment and civil law, to science and industrial
economics, one of the best papers being read by
Lady Aberdeen, who selected as her theme woman as an actual force in politics.
Thus the sessions were continued throughout the week, the topics covering the range
already indicated. Senorita d’ Alcala lectured on woman in Spain for the last four
centuries; Madame Quesada and Baroness Wilson on woman’s position in the South
American states; Madame Janauschek described woman’s place in the legitimate
MRS CHARLES HENROTIN
United States came more delegates than from
On the following
GEORGIA CAYVAN
drama; Georgia Cayvan, the
stage
and its women; Modjeska, the endowed theatre,
MODJESKA
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
923
and Clara Morris, woman in the emotional drama. An interesting paper on a century
of progress for women in Canada was read by a representative of the dominion. Others
were on woman as a religious teacher, an educator, a writer, an artist, and in relation
to trades and professions. These, however, form but a portion of the questions con¬
sidered, the reading of some of the papers being followed by brief discussions on their
subject matter.
Meanwhile other sessions and informal conferences were held in the minor halls,
at which was treated even a wider range of subjects, one of which related to woman’s
dress and especially to dress reform. Lucy Stone advocated the Bloomer costume
which years ago, in conjunction with Susan B. Anthony, she tried in vain to introduce,
while Frances M. Steele would have her sex return to the clinging, transparent drapery
of the Greeks. At these auxiliary meetings were represented many women’s associa¬
tions, clubs, and leagues, among the speakers being Julia Ward Howe, Susan B.
Anthony, Florence Fenwick Miller, Mary Livermore, Laura Ormiston-Chant, Clara
Barton, Mary Frost Ormsby, Jane Cobden Unwin, and others too numerous here to
be mentioned. On the Sabbath services were conducted entirely by
women, a feature being the Marche Triomphale, rendered by the
largest harp orchestra ever assembled in the United States.
Next to the congresses of representative women came those
of representative journalists belonging to all departments of the
press, the daily and weekly journals, religious, professional, trade,
and scientific journals, with magazines and periodicals. As stated
by the management, it was intended to provide for a proper presen¬
tation of the work and influence of the public press; to bring the
most active and potent agencies of public opinion into more har¬
monious and useful relations, and as far as practicable to enable
those who attended to see and hear the masters of journalism. The
themes to be discussed were not chosen for special writers, but the
writers for the themes, all the topics being carefully considered and
the best men selected to give them fitting expression. Among them
were the origin and development of the press; its duties, rights, and
privileges; its legal and moral responsibilities; together with the art
of news gathering, of reporting public proceedings, and of editorial
comment.
On the 22d of May the press congresses were formally opened
with an afternoon reception, followed in the evening by addresses of
welcome and other speech-making. On the
following day a session was held in Colum¬
bus hall, William P. Nixon as chairman in¬
troducing Alexander McClure, editor of the
Philadelphia Times , who contrasted the
power of the press and pulpit, claiming that
the press had done more to conserve and
liberalize the pulpit than all other causes
combined. In other vein spoke Murat Halstead, who has been termed the field-marshal
of journalism. “There is a tendency,” he said, “to claim too much for our work.
Those of the press, if they are wise, will not assume that they are dedicated or conse¬
crated more than other folk. They are not a sacred tribe nor
a holy order, and though it may be well to urge reform, it is
not well to make a fad of crusading. If the press would guide
it must not drive, and while some have too little sincerity, others
are earnest over much.”
By each department of the press, religious, scientific, commercial, and others,
separate meetings were held, some of the foremost journalists in Europe and the United
States taking part in their proceedings; such men as M. de Blowitz, correspondent of
the London Times ; William T. Stead, editor of the Review of Reviews; John Brisbane
Walker of the Cosmopolitan; Albert Shaw and Irving Brown of New York, and Joseph
Howard, these being but a few of the men who passed a pleasant week in friendly
intercourse, in sight-seeing, feasting, and merry-making.
Women were largely represented at the press congresses, holding separate sessions
by day and attending at night the general meetings held in Columbus or Washington
william t. stead hall. The subjects discussed related to women’s work in journalism, their duties
MURAT HALSTEAD
MOORISH GIRL
CLARA BARTON
CENTRAL COURT FROM ROOF OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
925
responsibilities, and qualifications; what they could do in each department as news
gatherers, as critics, editors and publishers. Then there were considered what may
be termed the ethics of journalism; matters pertaining to personal fitness and conduct,
with the relations of journalists to society, and especially how news may be obtained
without violating the sacred privacy of home. Among the speakers were Mary H.
Krout, chairman of the woman’s committee, Helen M. Winslow, Kate Field, Mrs
Frank Sheldon, Mrs Pauline G. Swalm, Mrs J. C. Croly, Mrs Lilian Whiting,
Catherine E. Conway, Clara Bewick, and Susan B. Anthony. At the general sessions
for men and women there were no prolonged debates; controversial points were
avoided, and the problems of journalism freely and impartially discussed by the fore¬
most members of the profession.
In the medical congresses which followed, a wide range of subjects was con¬
sidered, both of a popular and scientific nature, including not only medicine and
surgery, but dentistry, pharmacy, and medical jurisprudence, public health and the
effect of climatic and geographical conditions in relation to health. Though many
eminent men were present, the regular school of physicians was but imperfectly repre¬
sented, for before the announcement of the medical congresses arrangements had been made for a general
meeting in Rome. The eclectics and homoeopathists predominated, the congress of the latter being in connection
with the American institute of homoeopathy.
At the opening session, on the 29th of May, there were the usual addresses of welcome, Marie E. Reasner
speaking for her sex as chairman of the congress of eclectic physicians, while Alexander Wilder claimed that in
KATE FIELD
THE COLUMBIAN FOUNTAIN
the eclectic school, as found¬
ed by Americans, lay the
hidden secrets of the art
of healing. In the after¬
noon the homoeopathic hos¬
pital, near the Woman’s
building, was dedicated as
official headquarters, and
earlier in the day the
homoeopathic congress was
inaugurated in Washington
hall, with J. S. Mitchell as
chairman and Julia Holmes
Smith in charge of the
woman’s branch. In the
hall of Columbus the con¬
gress of medico-climatology
also held a session, among
the speakers being Charles
C. Bonney, Carter Harri¬
son, and Roland G. Curtin,
president of the National
climatological association.
Throughout the
week the several sections
of the medical congresses
presented topics of general,
as well as of special in¬
terest. Women had much
to say about the ills of
their sex and of their off¬
spring, especially as to the
use of tobacco and liquor
by fathers and of tea and
coffee by mothers. Im¬
proper food and the nurs¬
ing bottle were pronounced
to be the cause of many
of the diseases common to
children, accounting also
for weakly muscles and
926
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
awkward gait. Such matters were considered as the relation of homoeopathy to public health, the future of the
school and its status in European countries, The afternoon sessions were devoted to subjects classified under
the sections of surgery, gynecology, materia medica, clinical medicine, ophthalmology, otology, laryngology, and
psedotrophy, the last named department being the one in which women explained their theories as to the
scientific nourishment of children. During these meetings the fact was noticeable that surgery in relation to
other branches of medical science occupied most attention, and the same remark applies
to the deliberations of the eclectic physicians and surgeons, their sessions concluding
with the proceedings of the surgical department, of which R. A. Gunn of New York
was president.
But of all the sessions perhaps the most popular were those in which represent¬
atives were present from India, China, Japan, Australia, Hawaii; from Russia, Italy,
France, Switzerland, and other European lands; from South and Central America; from
Mexico, and from every state in the union; physicians from all parts of the world
assembling together to tell what they knew as to the effects of meteorological conditions
on the human system. By one was discussed the effect of altitude upon heart and
lung diseases, or a combination of both; by others the influence of elevated regions in
relation to various ills. The results of bathing were considered, and the advantages
and disadvantages of sea voyages, while even such lofty themes were propounded as planetary influence upon
the human body. The world itself was treated geographically, and those who knew whereof they spoke informed
their hearers on such specific matters as the cause of eye diseases in Russia and Japan, and the effects of
Chicago climate on the nasal and respiratory membranes. Consumption was a favorite topic, theories supported
by arguments and statistics being advanced as to the influence of climate on this disease in the United States,
in Canada, Mexico, Europe, China, India, Japan, Siberia, Africa, and Australia. Exercise and occupation were
deemed important considerations in the treatment of consumption, and an instructive sub-topic was developed
in the suggestion of national reservations for consumptives.
What may be termed a side issue of the medical congresses was a session of army surgeons, held in
the Government building on the 9th of August, with Surgeon-general Senn as presiding officer, and attended,
as were all the rest, by men of eminence in their profession; but as this was convened only for the discussion
of special topics, and of little interest except to military men, it needs no other than passing mention. In the
same month two days were devoted to the consideration of medical jurisprudence; much of the time being given
to discussing the legal value of expert medical testimony. The degree of responsibility attaching to. criminals
of unsound minds, or when under the influence of liquor was among the mooted points, as also were the effects
of opium on public health and morals, and the mysterious power of hypnotism, the latter treated solely from
a scientific point of view.
During the first week of June was held a congress on social purity, Archbishop Ireland delivering the
principal address at the opening session. The social evil was the main topic under consideration, and especially
the licensing of that evil through legislative enactment. From England came a paper by Mrs Josephine E.
Butler on parliamentary recognition of immoral practices, and by other speakers were treated the regulation
system in France, Germany, and British India. At a session held under the auspices of the Woman’s Christian
Temperance union, one of the participants described her experience in connection with the Protective agency for
women. Doctor de Costa spoke of the origin and purposes of the White Cross movement, introduced by
himself and now freely aided by the churches, though without denominational bias.
The temperance congresses were held under the auspices of home and foreign temperance organizations,
the representatives of many nations taking part in the discussions. As yet neither prohibition, local option, nor
high license have gone far to remedy or even to check the evil; and if in cities and
states where prohibition laws are in force, the drinking habit is less prevalent than else¬
where, statistics do not show it. It was to consider the causes and remedies for this
common failing of humanity that the congresses were assembled, Archbishop Ireland
and Frances E. Willard, as presidents of the men’s and women’s conventions, arrang¬
ing the necessary details.
In truth it was a worthy purpose for which they were assembled, and one that
called for earnest consideration as among the most necessary and yet the most back¬
ward of social reforms. While the temperance movement is almost a century old, it
is very far as yet from converting the world to its cause. It was in 1808 that the
first temperance association in the United States was formed in the New York town
of Greenfield. Others followed quickly; but of all the doctrine was the moderate use
and not the entire disuse even of distilled liquors, no restrictions being placed on indul¬
gence in fermented drinks. That the crusade was not thus far of a serious nature
appears in the by-laws of one of the societies, where, as a penalty for becoming in¬
toxicated, any member so offending is required to treat all the other members. It
was not until near the middle of the nineteenth century that the word “teetotaller” came into use, or that
total abstinence was preached or practised even by a few. Thenceforth the movement rapidly increased,
MARY LIVERMORE
ANTHONY COMSTOCK
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
927
organizations multiplying throughout Europe and the United
States, with a total membership amounting far into the mil¬
lions. Nevertheless the use and abuse of liquor has grown
with the growth of population and of wealth, the sum thus
yearly expended in the United States approximating the amount
of the national debt, while in Great Britain, Germany, and
Russia the consumption of intoxicating beverages is even on
a larger scale.
At the temperance congresses held in June a feature was
the convention of the Women's Christian Temperance union, at
which, as vice-president, Lady Henry Somerset presided, in
the absence of the president, Frances E. Willard. First spoke
Charles C. Bonney and Mrs Potter Palmer as presiding officers of the Auxiliary and
of the woman’s branch, followed by Mrs Henrotin and Doctor Strong, after whom
Lady Somerset paid eloquent tribute to her colleague and later read her report.
Archbishop Ireland briefly addressed the meeting, and at the first day’s session delegates from England, France,
Australia, Canada, Iceland, and Japan told how the work was progressing in other lands. The following day
was mainly devoted to business, varied with brief addresses, the reading of one of the reports being interrupted
by a memorial service in honor of Mary Allen West, who, as a missionary of the union, journeyed more than
3,000 miles in Japan, and after delivering nearly 100 addresses, died among those whom she had converted
to the cause of temperance.
Among the speakers was Susan B. Anthony, who also discoursed upon the question of woman suffrage.
John Hall of New York delivered a brief address of congratulation and was followed by Wilbur F. Crafts of
Pittsburg, who proposed that in 1,900 a series of meetings lasting the entire year be held at different points
throughout the world. As superintendent of her department, Mary A. Hunt reported that a law had been
passed in all but six of the states and territories providing for the instruction of pupils in what is termed
scientific temperance, 13,000,000 children thus receiving a compulsory training which, it was hoped, would act
as a safeguard against the use of liquor. Colonel Parker, grand secretary of the order, acted as spokesman of
the Good Templars, who, he said, were working on parallel lines with the union. As wife of a former prohibition
candidate for the presidency, Mrs Bidwell spoke a few words on behalf of her husband. But perhaps the most
telling speech of all was by Madame Zelma Borg, the Finland delegate, who declared that too much attention
was being paid to the moral aspect of intemperance, and not enough to the physical. ‘ ‘Don’t harp so much ” she
■y**', .v"
FRANCES E. WILLARD
VIEW FROM WOODED ISLAND
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MACHINERY HALL
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
929
CONGRESS OF KINGS' DAUGHTERS AND SONS
exclaimed, “on this devil, devil, devil business. Drunk¬
enness is a physical defect, and our doctors should be
brought to treat it as such.” Thus the sessions were
continued, the subject being treated in all its aspects
by some of the foremost champions of the cause.
In the middle of June were held the congresses
relating to moral and social reform, covering a wide
range of subjects from philanthropy in its broadest
sense to the management of soup houses and newsboys’
homes. But as to the scope and purpose of these con¬
gresses I cannot do better than quote the words of
Mrs James M. Flower, chair¬
man of committee, by whom
in part they were organized.
“This department,” she
says, “includes the public
treatment of pauperism; the
care of neglected, abandoned,
and dependent children; the care and treatment of juvenile delinquents; the hospital
for the sick; the training of nurses and dispensary work; the commitment, detention,
care, and treatment of the insane; the custodial care and the training and develop¬
ment of idiots and feeble-minded children; the prevention and repression of crime;
the punishment and reformation of criminals, and the organization and affiliation of
charities in cities. The department further includes the work of benevolent orders
and associations of all kinds whose efforts are directed to the amelioration of social
conditions. MRS JAMES M FL0WER
Many were the associations represented at these meetings, and as most of them
were controlled by women entirely or in part, the papers read were mainly prepared by women. Among those
which attracted most attention was the congress of king’s daughters and sons, an international organization of
which nearly a thousand members were present. The opening was of a religious character, beginning with the
singing of the “Coronation hymn,” after which came scripture reading by Mary Lowe Dickinson and prayer by
Isabella Charles Davis. Mrs Henrotin spoke a few words of welcome, and was followed by Mrs James M.
Flower, chairman of the congresses. As president of the order, Mrs Margaret Bottome spoke of the benefits
which it had accomplished, telling of the letters she received from women far removed from all social privileges,
yet in touch with the world through the efforts of the society, and aiding its cause so far as lay in their power.
Other papers were read on this and the following day; Mary Lowe Dickinson, recording secretary, giving an
outline of the work accomplished; Mrs Elizabeth M. Tilley speaking in behalf of Canada; Mrs Ida G. Stewart
for Illinois; Miss M. Schott for Philadelphia; and Mrs Margaret P. Bronson,
who represented California, presenting to the president a Maltese cross of
rare pebbles in the name of the members of the golden state.
At other congresses, both general and sectional
topics of interest were also discussed. At the inter¬
national congress of charities, correction, and philan¬
thropy, a powerful address was delivered by Mrs
Emily E. Williamson, whose theme was “private
unofficial supervision of public institutions in cooper¬
ation with official boards.” On the subject of hospitals
in relation to the public health a carefully studied
paper was read by John S. Billings, an army surgeon,
after which Henry C. Burdette, a specialist in Lon-
mary lowe dickinson don hospita.1 work, spoke of hospital finances, and
Colonel Nalter of the medical staff of the British
army, on the applicability of hygiene to the conditions of modern warfare.
A speech that called forth much discussion was on pauperism in the light
of the theory of natural selection, by D. G. Ritchie of Oxford, England. On
municipal reform a stirring dissertation was given by C. H. Parkhurst, whose
persistent efforts in this direction have won for him more than a national
repute. These, however, are but a few of the subjects presented, their
general range being indicated in the remarks above quoted, all the topics
mentioned by the chairman, to whom was largely due the success of
these congresses, being treated on broad lines, and by men and women well
informed on the matters whereof they spoke.
EMILY E. WILLIAMSON
930
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
P. R. EARLING
HORACE WHITE
Next were held the congresses of commerce and finance, including among other subjects, railroads, boards
of trade, banking, insurance, and building and loan associations. At the opening session the chairman spoke
the usual words of welcome, George R. Blanchard, who responded on behalf of the railroads, reviewing
briefly the history of railway transportation from 1828, when on the 4th of July, Charles Carroll of Carrollton,
laid the corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio line, until in 1893 more than 175,000 miles of track connected
every portion of the union. On behalf of the board of trade, George F. Stone, its secretary, stated that in
1892 the board had distributed 256,000,000 bushels of grain and 14,000,000 animals on the hoof or as meat
products. The cause of building and loan associations was
championed by Julius Stern; insurance by John H. Nolan, and
mercantile credits by P. R. Earling, who quoted the state¬
ment of Webster that credit did a hundred times more to en¬
rich the nations than all the mines in the world.
The meeting of bankers and financiers on the 20th of
June was among the most interesting of all the sessions of the
Auxiliary; for here was considered one of the leading issues
of the day, Horace White of New York speaking of the gold
standard and of the silver question as one who had the subject
well in hand. It is somewhat remarkable, however, that neither
at this nor at any other of the financial congresses was the
real aspect of the silver question considered, as related to the
appreciation in gold. This is simply that the production of
silver in proportion to gold is and long has been in quantity
as about 33 to one and in value as more than three to one,
with a coinage for the last twenty years nearly thrice as large as for the twenty years preceding. Silver has
declined for the same reason that iron has declined, or that breadstuff's has declined; mainly because the pro¬
duction of silver, as of iron and breadstuff's, is greater than the world requires.
Other addresses were by Lyman J. Gage, chairman of the congresses, Charles Parsons of St Louis,
Bradford Ross of New York, and J. J. P. Odell of Chicago. At a session of financiers held on the 22d
speeches were delivered by Davis Page of Philadelphia, J. W. Vernon of Providence, R. C. Lake of South
Dakota, and J. W. Blake of Texas, Mrs Henrotin speaking on the subject of women investors, and surprising
her audience at the financial standing of women as shown by the reports of women presidents and cashiers of
banks. On the same day the railroad and insurance men were in convention, W. G. Veazey and John W.
Carey representing the former. For the latter Charles E. Kremer read a paper prepared by E. J. H. Woodbury
of Boston on electricity as a fire hazard, stating that the danger depended largely on insulation, and whether
the electricity were generated in the building or came from a distance. Thomas J. Borden spoke of the method
of reducing fire losses, which in the United States average about #125,000,000 a year. Wooden buildings, he
said, could be rendered almost as safe as fire-proof structures; but so far as possible the wood must be placed
horizontally, for fire burns faster upward than in any other direction.
Banking, financial, railroad, and insurance congresses were continued on the 23d and following days, the
subject of mercantile credits also receiving attention, with P. R. Earling as presiding officer. In his opening
address Charles C. Bonney declared that as to the granting of credit the supreme quality to be considered was
moral integrity, without which no credit was possible. H. N. Higinbotham stated that credits were too easily
obtained, and often as injurious to the receiver as to the giver. Goodman King selected as his topic the
mercantile agency system; its origin, usefulness, and suggested improvement; tracing that system from its
foundation to its present phenomenal development, a single institution now expending #3,000,000 a year in
procuring information for its patrons. On the books of two
such institutions were the names of 1,300,000 firms, the changes
often amounting to 3,000 a day. So perfect was their organ¬
ization that the failures among those reported favorably
amounted to less than one per cent a year.
At the congress of building and loan associations, this
being not the least interesting among the group, Mrs Mary B.
Morrell of Little Rock spoke of woman’s place in this relation,
claiming that the system was originated by a woman who
aided her tenants in laying aside a monthly sum against a
time of need. The total investments made by women in
building and loan associations amounted to more than the
national debt, and women were therefore entitled to a proper
representation in the affairs of these institutions. Charles N.
Thompson contrasted their benefits to the working classes as
compared with savings banks, and in another address was explained their economic value to the entire community.
A few days before the close of the Fair the American Bankers’ association held its annual convention,
-J
J, J. P. ODELL
W. H. RHAWN
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
93 1
LOOKING EASTWARD FROM CANAL AND BRIDGE
postponed for the first time since its organization in 1875, on account of the severest financial disturbance that
had befallen the country for a score of years. The sessions were held in the Art institute, with a muster of
about 500 delegates representing every section of the United States, though as yet the panic had barely spent
its force and the after effects were severely felt throughout the land. Remedies were suggested by many
speakers, of whom some were among the foremost of American financiers. As president of the association,
William H. Rhawn stated that during this crisis more than 700 banks, with liabilities exceeding $180,000,000,
were involved in suspension or failure. James H. Eckels, controller of the currency, spoke at length in favor of
a bimetallic currency, on behalf of which he advanced some forcible arguments. Allen R. Foote of Washington
pleaded for a sound currency and banking system, for which purpose he urged the appointment of a non-political
national commission. George A. Butler of New Haven advocated a practical plan of banking and currency,
proposing several amendments to the national banking act. The average reserve, he said, wherewith to meet
a sudden and unexpected strain, should be at least 25 per cent, with a larger reserve in commercial cities;
such reserve should be freely used when necessary and promptly restored as soon as the emergency is past.
Other measures were suggested by George S. Coe of New York; by William C. Cornwell, who would permit
the issue of notes by properly capitalized and inspected banks, and by Thomas R. Patton, who spoke of the
danger of making collections by circuitous routes.
At the following session Joseph C. Hendrix, president of the National Union bank of New York, con¬
trasted the recent panic in Australia with that which had occurred in the United States, remarking that the
overwhelming disasters of the former country were largely due to the lack of such financial cooperation as
prevailed in the latter. Horace White was in favor of an elastic currency, the prime requisites of which were
that no improper limits be placed upon it, and that it be issuable at once as the demand arose. E. O. Leach,
a colleague of Hendrix’ explained that the financial stringency was by no means due, as was commonly supposed,
to an inadequate volume of metallic currency, of which there was more than at any time in the history of the
world, the total in November, 1892, amounting to $7,633,000,000, against $3,400,000,000 in i860. Lyman J.
932
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
GEORGE F. ROOT
Gage delivered the closing address, after which officers were elected, N. N. White of Cincinnati being chosen
president and J. J. P. Odell of Chicago first vice-president.
In connection with the financial congresses was treated in its financial aspect the question of roads, E.
H. Thayer of Iowa stating that the most conservative estimate placed the loss to this country, through bad
and insufficient roads, at #250,000,000 a year, approximately divided among the people in proportion to individual
expenditure. The remedy, he said in substance, was not a question of increased taxation, but of using to the
best advantage the money annually contributed by the people for road purposes. It was within bounds to put
the sum spent each year in the maintenance of country roads at #80,000,000, and as a rule it went each year
to keep company with the #250,000,000 devoured by mud. Except for thinly settled and mountainous regions,
every mile of road used by the public and made a thoroughfare by law could be built of stone or gravel,
made durable and permanent, and always in condition for the heaviest wagon loads of
produce or merchandise. This could be accomplished within a reasonable time and
without an additional dollar of taxation; merely through the proper use of the taxes
already paid, with the assistance of a little skilful financiering, the borrowing, for
instance, of money at low rates of interest, on bonds issued by counties or their sub¬
divisions. Employment would thus be furnished for surplus labor; the money of the
people would be kept in circulation, and thrift and prosperity go hand in hand with
the prosecution of the work, followed by perpetual benefits to every business interest.
<w. During the term of the Fair Chicago became the centre of musical activity; for
HL here were nearly all the prominent musical associations of the United States, with not
a few from foreign lands. At the congresses held the first week in July, and at
numerous entertainments given throughout the season, was represented more than a
century of musical progress, from the time when Squire Elijah Dunbar led through the
intricacies of oratorio chorus the Stoughton Musical society, organized in 1786, their
successors still meeting, as did the charter members, for 11 an annual supper of hot
turkey, with nothing stronger than tea or coffee.” The Handel and Hayden society of
Boston, founded in 1815, sent a portion of its celebrated chorus under the leadership of Carl Zerrahn, while
the Chicago orchestra, established in 1891, with Theodore Thomas as conductor, gave expression to the musical
taste and talent of the west. At the congresses many branches were illustrated and discussed, from musical
literature, art, and criticism, to the management of opera houses, with orchestral art, organ and church music,
and choral music and training.
The congresses were opened as usual by C. C. Bonney, E. M. Bowman, president of the American
college of musicians, delivering the customary address of welcome, and speaking of the history and aims of the
institution. Others spoke in similar vein, suggesting that the college be chartered by congress and thus assume
a national character. On the following day the Music Teachers’ National association was in session, Bowman
as its president, Theodore Presser as its founder, and several others tracing the progress and operations of the
society. On the 6th a concert was given, a programme in which were the works of eminent composers being
rounded by the contributions of the Thomas orchestra, while on the following day were selections from Glueck’s
Orpheus by Tomlins’ chorus of more than 1,000 voices. On the 6th was held a convention of Illinois music
teachers, who afterward rendered a symphony of sacred music, followed by a concert representing the works of
Illinois composers.
Musical education was freely discussed, George F. Root, a pioneer teacher of music, being chairman of
this congress. Many were the remarks as to the power of music as a medium of education and as to its
formative influence on character, Jenkin Lloyd Jones speaking in answer to the question, what if music were
not in the world; while James R. Murray read a paper on the power and effect of music, in which he took the
ground that music neither expressed nor originated anything, but that it called forth the ruling affections. An
interesting session was that at which were discussed Indian and folk song in music. The paper read by Alice
C. Fletcher of Peabody museum, who for years had been living and studying among
the western tribes, was especially instructive, her remarks being practically illustrated by
a young Omaha Indian. John C. Fillmore and FI. E. Krehbiel expanded on the
subject, the latter dwelling on the part which negroes have taken in the folk songs of
America. A paper on early phases of American music, by Louis C. Elson of the
Boston conservatory, contained several humorous features, his rendition of “Old
Hundred,” as it was played by the puritans in 1673, causing much merriment. The
addresses delivered at this session were interspersed with classical selections rendered by
Clara Krause of Berlin and by the Hamburg Buelow orchestra, thus bringing into
striking contrast the music of primitive and cultured peoples.
Journalism in relation to music was one of the subjects considered, such points
being discussed as the mission of the musical journal and the function of musical
criticism in newspapers. Teachers told what they knew of musical instruction in public
schools and how to raise the standard of instruction. In the last two days of the
congress was considered the condition of musical education in various- states and Elizabeth c. carpenter
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
countries from the standpoint that music should form
a source of mental discipline.
During the musical congresses three special
days were set apart for women, Mrs. Elizabeth C.
Carpenter, as chairman of one of the conferences,
speaking on the subject of women as musical com¬
posers. Luisa Coppiani suggested numerous points
as to the phonation and guidance of the voice,
severely condemning the explosive method of training
and recommending that children
be taught
to sing
W. D. HOWELLS
by note at an early age. Music as a factor in phil¬
anthropy was a topic which related to the experiences
of Charlotte Mulligan among the working people of
Buffalo. The literary portions of the programme
N0RD|CA were interspersed with vocal and instrumental rendi¬
tions. On the second of the women’s days a paper
was read by Camilla Urso, who urged the employment cf women in orchestras as a remedy for careless instru¬
mentation. Lillian Nordica told by proxy what she knew about women on the lyric stage, and Mrs. Theodore
Thomas spoke of the influence of amateur clubs on musical taste.
On the 5th of September was held a Welsh festival of song, in connection with the Eistedfodd congress
of music, painting, and literature, the proceedings calling to mind the days when Druid priests and bards chanted
their prophecies in the forest depths of ancient Britain. Upon the sward in front of the government building
twelve upright stones were erected as altars around a more
massive one in the centre, the chief bard proclaiming, as
in the days of yore, the Eistedfodd or gathering of bards,
and offering a prayer that peace and brotherly love might
attend the festival. To this his twelve assistants, repre¬
senting the months of the year, responded by placing their
hands on the sword held aloft by the other. Then from
the main altar spoke each bard in turn, and concluding,
was robed by the ancient maids of Cambria, the chief in
white, the twelve in blue, and all with coronets of oaken
leaves. Later there were exercises at Eestival hall, the
feature of which was the singing of male choirs in compe¬
tition for prizes. At night a concert was given, at which
was rendered for the first time in America the cantata of
mrs clara d bates Prince Llewellyn, a composition dear to the hearts of
Welshmen.
At the reception which opened the literary congresses a few eminent writers
were greeted by hundreds of their readers, the assemblage adjourning later to Columbus hall, where C. C.
Bonney delivered the address of welcome, for the nonce in metrical phrase. Charles Dudley Warner responded,
and other speakers were Richard Watson Gilder, Max Richter, Kate Field, and Walter Besant, who touched
on the work accomplished by the London society of authors, with its membership of 1,000 men and women,
remarking also that the time had come when literary congresses should be held at regular intervals, with a view
to fostering wholesome literature and satisfying the 120,000,000 readers of English-speaking race.
Copyright was the subject considered at the first session of the authors’ congress, George E. Adams, as
chairman, choosing for the theme of his opening address future copyright legis¬
lation in the United States. Lie compared the copyright
law with the patent law, with which it had much in
common, and expressed the hope that a modus vivendi
would be reached satisfactory to the reading public and
to the authors and publishers of Great Britain and the
United States. Other addresses and papers were by Sir
Henry Bergne, George W. Cable, S. S. Sprigge, Watson
Gilder, Hamlin Garland, A. C. McClurg, President
Adams of the university of Wisconsin, and Professor
Loundsbury of Yale, all agreeing that from the law of
copyright should be expunged the clauses relating to
simultaneous publication.
At the following session, author and publisher and
the British society of authors was the theme of a care¬
fully written paper by Walter Besant. The functions of
LEW WALLACE
GEORGE W. CABLE
EDWARD BELLAMY
934
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
W. F. POOLE.
HENRY DRUMMOND
criticism was the subject of an address by Charles Dudley Warner, who spoke many wholesome truths, though
handling somewhat roughly the literature of the United States. An instructive essay on criticism as an
educational force was read by Hamilton W. Mable, and other interesting papers were on woman’s mission in
Italian literature by Madame Salazar; on modern fiction by George W. Cable; on the relations of literature
and journalism by H. D. Traill of London; and on the future of the English drama by Henry A. Jones. In
connection with the authors’ congress children’s litera¬
ture was discussed in one of the minor halls, Mrs
Clara D. Bates presiding, with Eugene Field, Hezekiah
Butterworth, Mrs D. Lothrop, and Mrs Peattle among
those who spoke or recited.
In the department of history James B. Angell,
as presiding officer, delivered an opening address on
the inadequate recognition of diplomatists by historians;
Mrs Ellen H. Walworth explained the value of national
archives to a nation’s life and progress; American
historical nomenclature was treated by A. S. Spofford,
librarian of congress, in a paper read by George E.
Adams, and Frederick Bancroft spoke of Seward’s
policy toward the south. The present status of pre-
Columbian discovery was the theme selected by James Phinney Baxter; Prince Henry
the navigator by E. G. Bourne; the economic conditions of Spain in the sixteenth century by Bernard Moses;
the union of Utrecht by Lucy M. Salmon; the historical significance of the Missouri compromise by James A.
Woodburn; these and other subjects and speakers, too numerous here to be mentioned, adding to the interest
of the sessions, two of which were specially held by women.
At the congress of librarians Melvil Dewey, president of the American Library association, reviewed the
progress of libraries since the first convention of librarians was held in New York in 1852. In an interesting
treatise F. M. Crunden sketched the ideal library and librarian, and among other themes were state library
commissions and national bibliography. In the department of archaeology and philology there were lectures on
the social status of women in ancient Egypt; on the romance of archaeology; on Schliemann’s excavations at
Troy; on Vedic studies; on Assyrian tablet libraries, and on “Cyprus, the bible, and Homer,” the last by Max
Richter, who stated that no country was richer than Cyprus in relics illustrative of the old testament. W. C.
Winslow also read a paper on old testament history in the light of modern discoveries, and there were others
on linguistic and grammatical subjects.
Folk lore was one of the most interesting of the literary congresses, William I. Knapp of the university
of Chicago welcoming the delegates to the third annual session of the International Folk Lore society, while F.
S. Bassett, chairman of committee, spoke briefly of this branch of literature. “Unspoken,” a paper written by
Walter Gregor, a Scotch clergyman, explained how Scotch peasants cured toothache and more serious ailments
by certain rites and incanta¬
tions, and how to Scotch lasses
were revealed the features of
their future husbands, with other
curious superstitions. In his
“Notes on Cinderella,” E. S.
Hartland stated that there had
been several hundred Cmder-
ellas, not a few of whom were
of the male sex. Mrs Anna R.
Watson discoursed on compara¬
tive Afro-American folk lore,
repeating some of the quaintest
of negro legends, and calling
attention to the resemblance
between them and those of the
Finns and American Indians.
The cliff-dwellers was the sub¬
ject selected by Mrs Palmer
Henderson, who claimed that
they were of Caucasian and not
of Indian race, in some respects
well advanced in civilization and
in others strangely primitive, even for a people whose homes were probably built before the erection of the pyramids.
A lecture on the myths, symbols, and magic of East Africans by Mrs French-Sheldon was illustrated with
NORWEGIAN COSTUMES
VIEW FROM THE EAST TOWARD THE ART BUILDING
93 6
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
many curiosities collected in the dark continent by this famous explorer, who also displayed the flags which she
carried as safeguards through the heart of Africa.
By Vice-president Abercrombie were described the doings of the ancient Finns, their wizards and witches,
their gods, their myths, and traditions. Among other papers were those on superstitions of the races of the
Northwest by James Deans; on
sacred objects of Navajo rites by
Washington Matthews; creole
folk songs by George W. Cable;
the folk lore of the negro by Mrs
Anna R. Watson; Voodooism by
Miss Mary A. Owen, and Jap¬
anese folk lore by W. E. Griffiths.
The sign language of the Indians
of the plains was described by
Lieutenant W. E. Scott, four
chieftains seated on the platform
answering by signs the questions
propounded by the lecturer.
Bulgarian wedding ceremonies
were illustrated by Wulko I.
Shopoff, at whose side were na¬
tives attired in wedding costumes.
At the educational con¬
gresses, formally opened on the
17th of July, with Bishop
Fallows in charge, their sessions
continuing until the close of the
month, were represented all
branches of education and almost
every land with an educational
system worthy of the name. Teachers have met in convention almost since the time when our public school
departments began to take form and shape; but never before has the subject been treated on such broad lines,
including all grades and branches, from the kindergarten to the university, and from business colleges to
institutions for the defective classes. Just as the educational display was the crowning feature in the department
of Liberal Arts, so were the educational congresses, together with the musical, literary, religious, and other
conventions with which they were allied, among the most attractive of the Worlds Fair parliaments.
After the formal opening in Washington hall, followed by an evening reception, the kindergarten teachers
and workers were first in session. W. N. Hallman, who delivered the opening address, selected as his theme
the essentials of Froebel’s work, whose influence is still more widely felt than that of any other educational
reformer. It was the recollection of his own sufferings as a child that made of Froebel the childrens apostle,
one who had ever their cause at heart and was always at their service. From the day when he entered the
village school, of which he was considered the biggest dunce, until he concluded his university career with a
brief imprisonment for debt, Friedrich Froebel found nothing in school or college to satisfy what he termed
‘■his inner life.” It was in his solitary rambles amid the Thuringian forest that his real education was received.
Here he communed alone with nature, learning from the plants and trees the lessons that nature teaches, and
here it was that he conceived the great idea of his life. Like Comenius, who lived two centuries before, he
looked to nature for the true principles of all education. As he who tills the soil creates nothing in the trees
and plants, so, he considered, the teacher creates nothing in his pupils, merely aiding the development of inborn
faculties, especially through arousing voluntary activity.
The kindergarten congress was largely in the hands of women; for to women this
branch of education is almost entirely relegated. But not alone to this department
was woman’s participation limited, more than a hundred papers being read during the
first week’s session of the special congresses by women prominent in the educational circles
of Europe and the United States, while at the international congress many of the
speakers were of the female sex. Of the general committee Mrs FI. M. Wilmarth was
chairman; of the kindergarten committee, Mrs E. W. Blatchford; of the congress of
higher education, Mrs Harriet C. Brainard, and of that of college fraternities, Miss
Ethel Baker. The congress of representative youths, held on the 18th, was intended
only for children and those who were to entertain them, Bishop Spaulding, who
delivered the principal address, stating that he had many times been asked to speak
before the congresses, but had declined all previous invitations, accepting this one because
he would rather appear before such an audience than before all the kings and princes
W. T. HARPER
MADONNA
By Gustave Dore
93 8
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
WILLIAM T HARRIS
in the world. At the sessions of educators for the blind W. H. Millburn, “the blind
chaplain of congress,” was the presiding officer, speaking in mellow and resonant voice,
with slow deep utterance and in well chosen phrase.
The sessions of the international congresses, attended by delegates from many
countries, were held under the auspices of the American National Educational association,
of which William T. Harris is president. Numerous were the questions handled
simultaneously in the halls of the Art institute; the programme for the 26th of July,
for instance, including university, college, academy, seminary, common school, and
kindergarten topics, while on the following day were treated, in addition to some of
these, musical, technological, industrial, manual, and business training, with physical
education and rational and experimental psychology. John Eaton, formerly United
States minister of education, stated that while 100,000,000 pupils were receiving
rudimentary instruction in all the countries of the world, more than twice that number
had no instruction of any kind. A paper was read by the Russian professor Ergraff
Kovalevsky as to what should be added to the usual elementary
trial needs of localities or race characteristics. Francis A.
Massachusetts institute of technology, reviewed the progress of
during the last quarter of a century, stating that there was a
who
had received a technological
training,
and dwelling
on
the
in these days of keen competition.
Martin Kellogg of the university of California spoke in
course among universities, in place of the present rivalry. They
rather than of one type, and each should have a type of its
that was attainable on its own proper lines of development, and
lence only in certain portions of the wide field of knowledge,
discussion among those who would have our universities continue
compass, as now they do, their studies covering or pretending
entire realm of science and literature. In the department of
the following will serve as specimens of the subjects treated
the foremost educators of the day: Should algebra
or geometry; should Latin or some modern language
come first in the course of secondary schools? Should
the amount of time given to languages; should the
amount of time given to mathematics be diminished,
in order to make room for a more extended course
in physics, botany, and chemistry? While these are
proper subjects for discussion, they do not strike at
the root of the question, which is rather in the method
of teaching than in the subjects taught. Latin,
modern languages, mathematics, natural science, these
and many other branches may be used to good ad¬
vantage; but less for the slight knowledge actually
acquired than as instruments for training the mental
faculties. Elere is the main purpose of all true
education, and while a judicious selection of themes
is of course an imporatant factor, it matters far less
what is taught than how it is taught. Above all is
needed a simplification of text-books, whose rules and
definitions should be few and brief; clear but concise
in expression, and stripped of all useless verbiage.
Of the congress of business and commer¬
cial colleges the main purpose, as stated by th
to explain the evolution,
methods of training, man-
influence, and defects of
In connection with them'
the work of schools of
committee, was
courses of study,
agement, utility,
such institutions,
considered
was
course to meet the indus-
Walker, president of the
technological instruction
great demand for students
importance of such training
favor of a comity of inter-
should be of one spirit
own, aiming at the highest
striving after special excel-
This paper aroused much
to box the educational
to cover almost the
secondary instruction
discussed by some of
PORCELAIN VASE. BERLIN
stenography and type-writing, and of asso¬
ciations of business educators.
By Earl Barnes of California was
read before the psychological section an interesting paper on children s theology, containing the results of actual
inquiries among thousands of children from six to fifteen years of age. Most of the answers represented God
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
939
as a good and great man, with little reference to sterner qualities. Many of the conceptions were vague and
shadowy, and some were positively ludicrous. ‘ ‘He can stand on the ground and reach the sky with his hands, ”
said one. “He can look through a key-hole” said another. Heaven was described as a city, a palace, or a
park; its location just above the earth, though some placed it in one of the stars, and a few on earth itself.
“Whether they go to school there,” answered a little girl, “I do not know; but I think they must; for they
are so patient and good.” Occupation in heaven was a subject that troubled the little ones, not a few of whom
spoke of the monotony of celestial life. ‘ ‘I should like to visit heaven, ” remarked a boy of twelve, ‘ ‘but only
for a short time.” Angels were described as women, fairies, or birds; but never as men. The devil and his
abode were represented in the usual fashion; but these were not often mentioned, and only by children under
ten years of age; the orthodox Satan, with his realm of brimstone and fire, being discredited by those in whom
the rational faculty was in a measure developed.
Before the project for a Congress Auxiliary began to take definite shape, a
meeting was held of some of the most prominent of American engineers with a view
to holding special congresses in connection with their profession. It was then deter¬
mined to form an association of the various engineering organizations in the United
States and Canada, and to extend invitations to leading members of the profession in
every quarter of the world. Funds were liberally provided, among other purposes for
the entertainment of visitors, and soon it became apparent that here would be one of
the principal features of the Auxiliary. It was at first intended to make of these
congresses a subdivision of some department of science; but at a meeting of delegates
held in May, 1891, it was resolved “that the importance of engineering entitles it to
the place of an independent department in the World’s Congresses.” The resolution
was approved by the authorities; circulars were issued, and a programme prepared
including the divisions of civil, mechanical, mining, metallurgical, military, and marine
engineering, with engineering considered as a branch of education and as a profession.
On these subjects were read some 220 papers in all, many of them being followed
by discussions.
At the opening session in Washington hall, Charles C. Bonney and Octave Chanute, the latter as
chairman of the meeting and president of the general committee, discoursed on the dignity and utility of the
profession. Sir Benjamin Baker, as vice-president of the British institution of civil engineers; Baron de Roche-
mont for France; Alfred Nyberg for Russia; C. O. Gleim for Germany; Hugo Koestler for Austria, and Celso
Capacci for Italy, all spoke of the interest manifested in these congresses, as a part of the great series planned
for the interchange of thought among the foremost thinkers of the world.
As with other departments, the sessions of the various divisions were held in separate halls; but of the
many topics considered only a brief synopsis can here be given. At the mechanical congresses, with Eckley B.
Coxe as president, was recommended the adoption of an international system of testing materials, and this was
followed by a discussion of the various methods of testing locomotives, while at other times were debated their
limitations as to speed. Among other subjects treated were oil-line pumping engines, evaporative surface con¬
densers, water meters, calorimeters, and ammonia motors.
In the division of civil engineering, of which William Metcalf was presiding officer, the navigation system
of France was explained by F. Guillain, inspector-general of roadways and bridges; F. A. Pimental, a civil
engineer of Portugal spoke of the road, river, and railway communications in his country, and a councillor on
buildings to the Prussian government illustrated the plan of the railway terminal at Altona, whereby through a
system of over and under grade structures, all surface crossings were avoided. At another session E. A. Kempus
and C. A. Huet discussed the improvement of the North sea canal in Holland, the Lower Weser and its
improvements being described by German experts. As an instance of the cosmopolitan character of these
gatherings it may be stated that on one occasion papers were read in person or by proxy from citizens of New
York and Chicago, of Germany, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Mexico, Chile, and New
South Wales, the topics varying from railroads to the uses of Portland cement.
At the joint sessions of mining and metallurgical engineers, of which Henry M.
Howe was president, a Washington statistician, in an exhaustive paper on the geological
distribution of metals, showed that between 1792 and 1890 the United States had
produced nearly one third of the world’s supply of gold and more than one fifth of its
silver, the proportion having largely increased within the last score of years. The lead
region of southwestern Wisconsin, the lead and zinc deposits of the Mississippi valley,
and the Bertha zinc mine of Virginia were also among the subjects discussed. G.
Chesneau of Paris spoke of the ventilation and safety of mines, and the detection and
measurement of fire damp. The leading part which electricity was destined to play in
mining was food for much speculation based on the inventions of recent years. Im¬
provements in the handling and reduction of ores were considered, and an entire session
was occupied in discussing the different methods of manufacturing steel. Richard Aker-
man described the Bessemer process as conducted in Sweden, and H. H, Campbell
OCTAVE CHANUTE
COLONEL H. L. ABBOTT
940
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
considered the open-hearth process in a paper which was both practical and scholarly.
In the departments of military and naval engineering, with Clifton Comly and
George W. Melville as presidents, the entire subject of coast defense was reviewed, and
especially were considered the merits and demerits of the systems adopted by the
United States and Great Britain. Colonel H. L. Abbott of the United States army
was of opinion that on account of the facility with which troops could be concentrated
by rail upon any given point, there was little danger of invasion. Our greatest need
was to prepare against naval attacks, and to that end it was necessary to protect our
cities from distant bombardment from the ocean; to bar the passage of fleets through
narrow channels leading to strategic points, and to close wider entrances leading to
important land-locked bays or sounds. Major G. S. Clarke discussed the matter from
the British point of view, stating that since the United States navy could not obtain
control of distant seas, except in alliance with some European power, it should be held
available for home defense. The natural policy would be to trust to the navy for
the protection of the coasts and to provide fixed defenses only for the rendezvous
and depots of its fleets.
At one of the sessions were discussed the modern infantry rifle and the wounds which it inflicted,
comparisons being made between recent and old-fashioned weapons. Captain Blunt of the ordnance department
traced the gradual decrease in the weight of the bullet, the size of the charge, and the diameter of the calibre,
arguing that the magazine gun gives to the soldier a reserved power while in action, and thus increases his
confidence. The new projectile, as discharged from the modern rifle with a velocity of 2,000 feet a second,
would penetrate the earth to a depth of 25 inches; would pass through pine wood 30 inches, and would kill or
wound four men standing in file. Surgeon La Garde illustrated his remarks with anatomical specimens, showing
that the old style of leaden bullet shattered all portions of the bone, while the modern steel missile penetrated
without fracturing. Hence the use of the new rifle and bullet was not only more effective but more humane.
ROBERT H. THURSTON
LOOKING NORTH FROM ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
THE SHEPHERD BOY
By Thorwaldsen
942
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
GROUP FOR ELECTRICITY BUILDING
The sessions on engineering as a
branch of education, with I. O. Baker as
chairman, were attended by students and
professors from prominent institutions in
Europe and the United States. John
Goodman of the Yorkshire college, Eng-
land, Charles D. Jameson of the univer¬
sity of Iowa, and others spoke on the
subject of laboratories and the researches
conducted by students. Field equipment
and practice, methods of training, and
similar topics were also treated in this
connection.
In addition to the sessions already
mentioned, a conference was held on the
subject of aerial navigation, O. Chanute,
Doctor Thurston, and Colonel King pre¬
siding at the several meetings. Papers
were read and the views of distinguished
scientists considered, general principles
being mainly discussed and special devices
of no practical value excluded from consideration. It was shown that aerial navigation could now be classed
among the sciences, and that such was the progress within recent years that most of the problems connected
therewith would appear to be on the point of solution. Since the last international conference, held in Paris
in 1889, a measurable success has been achieved in driving balloons at the rate of 25 miles an hour; but at such
cost and with loads so light as to limit their use to war purposes. It was believed, however, that a speed of 60
to 80 miles would »» eventually be attained with flying machines propelled, like birds, by self-developed energy.
Still another congress was that which was held for suggesting improvements in
the great waterways of the world. A prominent engineer explained the project for
the Nicaragua canal, describing the route from ocean to ocean as indicated in the relief
map in the Transportation building. The principal topic, however, was the proposed
ship canal between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river, connecting the commerce
of the Gulf of Mexico with that of the great lakes and internal water¬
ways. The route by way of the head of Lake Superior was considered
by the secretary of the Duluth board of trade, and that by way of
Chicago and the Illinois river by L. E. Cooley, a Chicago engineer.
Perhaps the most forcible presentation of the matter was by an Iowa
delegate who said in part: “The building of this waterway means higher
prices for grain and produce to the farmer by making freight cheaper.
This canal will carry wheat from the Mississippi river to Chicago for
two cents per bushel, saving four cents per bushel. Suppose it carries
400,000,000 bushels of grain, or one third of the crop of 1,200,000,000
bushels produced in the six
states of Iowa, Illinois, Minne¬
sota, Wisconsin, Kansas, and
Nebraska, the farmers will be
benefited by this route to the
extent of $16,000,000 on this
item alone, and on the 800,000
tons of anthracite coal used in
2 per ton on the through route from
1,600,000 more.”
GROUP FOR ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
this valley will at least be saved
Buffalo, which would amount to
At the closing session all the members of the various divisions met
together, and the chairman of each reported briefly the proceedings in his
section. Earnest and telling farewell speeches were delivered by many
of the leading foreign delegates, and when the meeting separated, it was
felt that at these congresses the work accomplished tended to the advance¬
ment of all branches of engineering science.
At the opening session of the congresses of art and architecture,
with Charles L. Hutchinson as chairman of the former, Walter C. Larned
delivered an address on the relation of literature to art, and among other
papers were those on American painting and sculpture by W. M, R.
GROUP FOR ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
943
French, and on Polish art by Michel de Zmigrodski. The congress of photography held
several sessions, as also did the congress of ceramic art, women being largely represented
in the sessions of the latter and reading essays in each of the several departments.
The congress of architecture dealt largely with the architectural, landscape, and
other constructive features of the Fair, among the speakers being D. H. Burnham,
F. L. Olmsted, E. C. Shankland, W. H. Holcomb, C. F. Foster, and R. H. Pierce;
but of these matters sufficient mention has already been made. An interesting paper
by Henry Van Brunt, the artificer of the Electricity building, touched on the growth
of characteristic architectural style in the United States. Frederick Baumann chose
for his theme “Chicago; a sketch of its rise and development,” describing some of
the old-time buildings and tracing the development of architectural science since, in
1846, John Van Osdel, the pioneer of his profession, first devoted himself to the
making of plans and specifications. The elevators of Chicago were marvels of constructive skill, and as for the
raising of buildings and blocks, it would seem that the men of Chicago could raise any structures on earth,
unless it might be for the pyramids of Egypt. Other themes discussed were the use of color in architecture by
H. L. Warren of Boston; government architecture by Jeremiah O'Rourke, and public competition by J. Gaudet,
while as president of the American institute of architects, which held here its annual convention, E. Id. Kendall
delivered the usual address.
In the congresses at which were discussed the various branches of government, many subjects were treated
of vital importance to this over-governed country, where what is needed above all else is to undo the mischievous
legislation which impairs the prosperity of state and nation, of community and individual. As proposed by the
committee the topics to be considered included law reform, international law, the administration of justice,
political and economic reform, the government of cities, executive administration, the protection of property in
literature, and arbitration and peace.
At the sessions devoted to law reform and jurisprudence were discussed the develop¬
ment of constitutional law in the United States; claims against governments; the admin¬
istration of civil justice in Russia and in Japan; the criminal law of Italy; legal education,
and admission to the bar. Judge Gary chose for his theme the value of precedents, and
Judge Hudson asked and in part answered the question, how could the administration of
justice be improved; other speakers on this topic being judges Wakefield, Vance, and
Hawkins. Simeon E. Baldwin spoke of the duty of the state in suits attacking charitable
bequests, and J. B. Haskell of the conflict of state and federal court decisions. These,
however, are but specimens of the numerous subjects presented for consideration.
The suffrage was fully treated, and especially the question of woman’s suffrage, the
speakers on the latter subject including, in addition to such prominent advocates as Susan
B. Anthony, Isabella B. Hooker, and Laura de Force Gordon, women from many foreign
lands, from Iceland to South Australia. Proportional representation was freely discussed
and recommended; some of the speakers urging that each political element should be
represented in the ratio of numbers. Municipal government was a favorite topic, and
at the congresses held thereon some forcible views and statements were presented.
David Dudley Field recommended a reduction in the number of municipal officers to
be elected by popular suffrage; so that voters would not need to consider the claims
of a host of candidates, as to whose fitness or unfitness they could not possibly be
informed. Seth Low declared the most deep-seated cause of municipal evils and
troubles to be the disposition to use a city for political purposes without consideration
for the city itself. Men became partisans before they were citizens, and to secure
office, city officials must first be partisans. Charles S. Ashley called attention to the
general condition of cities and towns—bad paving, defective sewerage, dirty streets
and alleys, inferior gas, mismanagement of schools, and extravagance in all depart¬
ments. As a remedy he suggested the appointment of committees of property owners
to cooperate with officials or agents in making public improvements. Among other
speakers were John H. Gray and W. J. Onahan, whose remarks dealt mainly with
the municipal affairs of Chicago.
Present at the international congress of arbitration and peace were prominent advocates of the cause from
many cities and nations. From Washington came Josiah Quincy, assistant secretary of state; from Boston,
Hezekiah Butterworth and Robert T. Paine; from Philadelphia, Alfred H. Love; from London, W. Evans
Darby; from Germany, Adolph Richter; from Italy, V. Zeggio and Hector Pratuzi; while Denmark, Turkey,
Africa, and other lands had also their representatives. As president of the congress, Josiah Quincy read an
exhaustive paper on the financial aspect of the question, and on the benefits of arbitration in the settlement of
international disputes. In the United States there was one soldier to every 2,640 citizens; while in France the
proportion was one in 68, and in Germany one in 90. Within the last quarter of a century the United States
had several times adjusted by arbitration the differences between other powers; within the last century
RICHARD M. HUNT
F. W. GROGAN
W. M. R. FRENCH
944
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
this country had in more than thirty instances arranged for the settlement of her own disputes with foreign
powers through some form of arbitration. To these must be added the settlement of the Bering sea controversy,
the most conspicuous example of all, and one that had greatly strengthened the cause by attracting public
attention, by the novelty and importance of the questions involved, and by the tone and character of the
proceedings.
Alfred H. Love declared that there could be no enduring peace while nations continued to put their trust
in weapons, preaching peace in their churches while organizing armies and navies, and spending their substance
on fortifications and battle-ships. 1 he appropriations made for such purposes should be used for hospitals and
merchant-men; should form an international relief fund for the aid of mankind, irrespective of nationality,
wherever there be loss, distress, and suffering. Thus would be formed the grandest pension fund that the world
had ever known. In these remarks is indicated the drift of thought in a general discussion on the fraternal
SOUTH FRONT OF ELECTRICITY BUILDING
union of peoples. By George D. Boardman was read a paper on the proper relation of nationality to inter¬
nationalism, and by Hodgson Pratt was prepared one on international animosities and how they may be
removed. John W. Hoyt delivered a vigorous address; Henry S. Clubb spoke on prophecies of peace and war,
and Philip S. Moxom on the moral and social aspects of warfare, which he denounced as murder, robbery, and
arson on a gigantic scale.
Next in the series of congresses were such as could not properly be classed in any of the principal
departments, or for special reasons could not be held at the appointed time and place. Among them were the
dental, pharmaceutical, and horticultural congresses, and that which dealt with the African people and continent.
The sessions of the last named were of unusual interest, its deliberations including scientific, literary, social,
industrial, and commercial questions, discussed by many speakers and in many phases. The Belgian minister
delivered the opening address, showing how in the young state of Congo liberty and civilization had supplanted
slavery and barbarism; how traffic in arms and rum had been suppressed, and how Arab slave-dealers were
held aloof by a chain of defensive outposts. One of the best speeches was from Prince Massagnoi, a native
of Africa and a graduate of an American college. From Eli Sowerbutts, a member of the Manchester
Geographical society, was read a paper on Africa as a whole, with colored maps displaying the inhabited
V :
THE DIANA CLOCK
946
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
ELISHA GRAY
NIKOLA TESLA
portions and the prevailing religions and governments. Frederick S. Arnot explained what the Africans them¬
selves have done to develop Africa, and C. C. Adams spoke of that country as a new factor in civilization,
touching on its resources, climatic conditions, and railroad development. Others dealt with the African negro
as a manufacturer, tradesman, physician, and his Americanized brother as a mechanic,
artist, musician, journalist, and professional man, still others telling what the American
negro owed to his kindred beyond the sea. Should the Afro-American colonize Africa,
was among the topics considered, one of the speakers suggesting the formation of a
chartered company, like that under which Virginia was colonized; but to this the
sentiment of the congress was strongly opposed; for, as was stated, civilized negroes of
the better class were needed where they were, to counteract the effect of poverty and
illiteracy among others of their race.
The action of European powers in relation to the slave trade was freely discussed,
and especially the effect of the Brussels treaty of 1891, reports being received from
various anti-slavery societies and from the director-general of the Congo free state, touching
on many of the subjects under consideration by the congress.
One of the first addresses delivered was on the condition of the
negro from 1493 to 1893, and by others were treated from
historical, philosophical, and ethnological points of view, the
African civilizations of the past and present, with special regard
to that of Egypt. But the main interest centred on the slave trade, the efforts to
suppress it, and the means for affording the colored races opportunities for self-improve¬
ment and self-advancement. In this connection one of the most telling speeches was
by Bishop Arnett, at the celebration in Columbus hall of the 31st anniversary of
Lincoln’s proclamation.
In the department of science and philosophy were included nearly all the branches
that could properly be classed under those divisions, the sessions lasting throughout
the week beginning with the 21st of August, though for reasons that need not be stated,
some were held earlier or later during the season of the Fair. At the formal opening,
among those who accompanied president Bonney to the platform was Baron von
Helmholtz, whose appearance was greeted with an outburst of applause such as never
before was heard within the walls of the Chicago Art institute. There were the usual addresses from the
chairmen of the several congresses, among them one from Elisha Gray, who presided over the electrical congress,
and for many years has been striving to bring about an international agreement as to electrical units and
standards of measurement. To this end eminent men were appointed as delegates by the governments of
Europe and the United States, to continue the work already accomplished, the Austrian delegation being
headed by Nikola Tesla, who as an electrician ranks second only to Edison, while Canada, Mexico, and China
were also represented. Thus the decisions reached and embodied in the report adopted at the close of the
congress were in the nature of a recommendation to the participating powers, and in the light of present
knowledge may almost be considered as final.
First among the papers read may be mentioned that of Nikola Tesla, who selected as his theme
mechanical and electrical oscillators, handling the subject with his usual skill and illustrating it by a number of
startling experiments. W. H. Preece, an English inventor and author of note, con¬
sidered the problem of electrical communication through space. After referring to
Edison’s experiments, showing that telegraphic communication could be transmitted to
or from a moving train, he stated the results of his own researches as to the laws and
conditions that determine the limits of distance between transmitting and receiving
agencies. Silvanus P. Thompson, one of the most popular writers on this branch of
science, suggested the means for establishing ocean tele¬
phony, claiming that long-distance telephoning, to the
point of freely conversing across the Atlantic, was but a
question of time. By George Forbes was explained the
work now in progress for utilizing the Niagara falls in
the generation and transmission of electricity, the aim
being to supply power for factories within a radius of
200 or 300 miles, and perhaps for propelling boats on
the Erie and other canals.
Before the congress of chemists many interesting
papers were read; among them that of John W. Langley on the works and aims
of the committee on international standards as to the composition of steel. H.
D. Richmond spoke of the analysis of dairy products; Ernest Millau of the best
methods of oil analysis, and at other sessions agricultural chemistry was thor¬
oughly discussed, especially in relation to soils and the analysis of fertilizers.
GENERAL GREELEY
A. G. BELL
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
947
Not a few of the speakers were from Europe and Australasia, a Russian professor from the Polytechnic school of
Riga presiding at one of the sessions. In connection with the chemical division was held the congress of
pharmacists, at which the education and examination of students in schools of pharmacy were the principal
subjects of discussion. At a special session held by women, the chairman, Mrs Ida Hall Robey, stated that
there were more than 700 registered pharmacists of the female sex in the United States. In the geological
division women also met in separate convention, among the subjects treated being the granites of New England
and the fossils of the upper Silurian group. By James Geike, of the Scotch geological survey, a valuable paper
was prepared on the glacial succession of the British isles and northern Europe. Glacial succession in Sweden,
in Switzerland, and in the United States were also treated by eminent geologists, and other questions considered
were pleistocene climatic changes and the correlation of glacial formations in opposite hemispheres.
Meteorological topics were discussed by delegates from many states, and especially by the chiefs of weather
bureaus, the principal subjects considered being the proper location, elevation, and shelter of instruments. In
an interesting paper Frank H. Bigelow discoursed on the possibility of long distance forecasts, stating that after
a thorough investigation he had obtained results which clearly indicated that the magnetic influence of the sun
upon the earth is attended with well defined effects on its atmosphere. John Eliot of Calcutta took for his
subject the prediction of dry and rainy seasons,
and Father Faura, director of the observatory
at Manila, the signs which precede typhoons in
the Philippine islands.
In the astronomical department Alvan G.
Clark, by whom were fashioned the lenses for
the Lick and Yerkes equatorials, spoke of the
future mechanism of telescopes, claiming that the
limit of size and power was yet far from being
attained. T. J. J. See touched on the investi¬
gation of double-star orbits. In a darkened
room George E. Hale described and illustrated
with stereopticon views the process of taking
photographs of the sun, and by J. Keeler were
traced the wave lengths of the principal lines
in the spectrum of the nebulae.
At another session Egon von Oppelzer
read a paper on contributions to solar physics,
and W. H. Pickering attacked the theory that
the moon was a dead planet, asserting that
there were evidences of the existence of water
and atmosphere. In this connection may also
be mentioned the mathematical section for the discussion of mathematics in relation to astronomy.
At the philosophical congress, held in connection with those which dealt with physics, R. N. Foster,
chairman of committee, remarked that philosophy, as compared with the solid work of science, was like a comet
sailing among the stars, very large of head and seemingly dangerous, but after all nothing more than vapor.
Nevertheless philosophy was the mother of all the sciences, taking up their many threads and presenting them
in their essential unity. Moreover it pervaded the entire domain of education; and education, not money, was
what made the man. A paper on the Hegelian system of dealing with criminals called forth much discussion,
one of the speakers touching on the methods advocated by Herbert Spencer and Leslie Stephen, who were m
favor of reformatory rather than vindictive punishment. Among other subjects considered were the ethical
aspects of pessimism; the twofold nature of knowledge, imitative and reflective; the philosophy of education, and
synthetic education, Josiah Royce of Harvard university reading the final paper on Kant and causation, prepared
by W. T. Harris of Washington.
In the congress of psychology were treated mesmerism, hypnotism, clairvoyance, and kindred topics,
Elliott Coues, as chairman, reviewing in his inaugural address the entire field of psychological science, past,
present, and future. “While not as yet what may be termed an orthodox science,” he said, “the facts on
which it is based have always existed, and this is the first time that it has received official recognition from
government. Many who have long been students of the strange phenomena connected therewith read papers
tending to correct the crude ideas commonly entertained on this subject. A few days later were held the
congresses on anthropology, ethnology, and zoology, W. F. Putnam, as chief of the Anthropological department
of the Fair, taking a prominent part in the proceedings.
Labor was the next subject for consideration; not the labor question as it is commonly understood, but
labor in its highest and bioadest sense, as discussed, though with much diversity of view, by its sincerest friends
and champions in the United States and in many foreign lands. From England especially came many leaders
of the cause, and among those who cooperated with the committee, personally or as corresponding members,
were William E. Gladstone, Sir John Gorst, home secretary for India, Richard T. Ely, and Carroll D. Wright.
948
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Cardinal Manning accepted an honorary membership, and said Cardinal Gibbons: “I regard the congresses as
the most important feature of the Exposition, and the labor congress as the most important of the congresses.”
In his opening address C. C. Bonney spoke of the problems which the labor movement presented.
Others followed in similar vein, among them Bishop Fallows, who touched on the attitude of the church as a
friend to the laboring man. By Herbert Barrows was presented a message of greeting
and sympathy from the workingmen of England, supplemented by a few remarks of
his own. Kate Field was in favor of a department of labor in the cabinet, and of a
practical labor bureau, with affiliated societies in every section of the United States.
In a paper prepared by Lady Dilke was told a pitiful story of the hardships of British
workwomen, of those who toiled in the foul atmosphere of sweat-shops and factories
for less than would furnish the scantiest of daily bread; makers of match-boxes, for
instance, receiving but seven shillings for 84 hours of labor. Among the speakers at
the opening session were John H. Gray of the Northwestern university; William
Clarke, secretary of the British advisory council; Doctor Zacher of Berlin, and Victor
Delahaye of the superior council of labor of France.
At another session Samuel Gompers, in answer to the self-proposed question,
“What does labor want?” said that it wanted the earth and the fulness thereof; and
first of all an immediate advance in wages and reduction in time—eight hours a day,
with fewer to-morrow and fewer still the next day. But while there was other nonsense
of this kind, the discussions of the labor parliament were for the most part of a
rational and instructive character, as at times were even the remarks of Samuel Gompers. Edward McGlynn
discoursed on the destiny of the labor movement, advocating the single tax doctrine as one that would improve
the laborer’s condition. On the latter question spoke also Henry George, who explained the meaning of the
phrase and how the idea was suggested to him by the so-called land boom in California, which carried the
price of what before were almost worthless tracts to $1,000 an acre. General Weaver, Mary E. Lease, and
others stated their views in this connection, and a single tax platform was adopted, the final clause in which,
recommending public control of common ways, as for transportation and the furnishing of gas and water, was
amended on the motion of Hamlin Garland.
From Edward Everett Hale was read an essay on the results of cooperation and the sharing of profits
as exemplified by the Nelson Manufacturing company of St Louis, and by N. O. Nelson, vice-president of that
company, were further explained its workings. The latter was one of the best papers read, full of sound,
common-sense, practical suggestions, and without trace of communism, anarchy, or socialistic drivel. Said
Nicholas P. Gilman, who followed, “To give a workman equal opportunity with his employer is the philosophy
of the whole labor question, and an example like this is worth all the rhetoric in the world. ” The education
of the workman and especially his industrial training, was considered, as also was the question of weights,
measures, and coinage, one of the speakers advocating international mints and an international system of weights
and measures. At a separate session of women Lucy Salmon of Vassar college discoursed on economic questions
in domestic service, and Mrs Helen Campbell on the industrial condition of women and children. A sensible
paper was the one read by Catherine Coman of Wellesley college, showing that not only were women’s
wages steadily advancing, but during the present century the occupations
open to women had increased a hundred fold.
The labor congresses closed on labor day, the 4th of September, on the
Sabbath preceding which, clergymen representing several denominations met in
Washington hall before an audience of 2,500 persons, assembled to hear from
the churches their messages of hope and cheer. After a brief address from
Henry D. Lloyd, who acted as chairman, Archbishop Ireland spoke on the
Catholic church and the labor question, touching at length on the encyclical
relating to the condition of labor from Leo XIII. Speaking for the Protestant
denominations, John P. Coyle stated that the church owed a duty to labor,
and if that duty were done the labor problem would not exist. Representing
the Hebrew faith, Emil G. Hirsch remarked that there was no Jewish pulpit
but felt the thrill of the prophet’s words, that he who planted the vine should
eat of the fruits thereof. The age to preach the resignation of the weak was
past. The law was often made a fetich, and charity a makeshift. Had we
more justice, we should not need charity. In a paper written by George E.
M. McNeill was recommended an increased tax on land to give work to the
unemployed, and Herbert Burrows outlined the attitude of socialism toward
labor and the church.
Of all the sessions held in the Art institute none attracted more atten¬
tion than those of the so-called parliament of religions, preceded by the
catholic congress and followed by denominational and missionary congresses,
w'ith those of the evangelical alliance and other associations and brotherhoods.
THE BLACKSMITH
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
949
ARCHBISHOP FEEHAN
Here were represented all Christian sects and creeds, the
Hebrews also participating, while from Hindostan and
China came men who explained how much there was in
common between the doctrines of Christianity and those
of Brahminism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Points of
agreement and divergence in belief were discussed, with
the achievements of churches and missions in the com¬
mon cause of humanity, these gatherings receiving the
endorsement of the religious leaders of the world, not a
few of whom were present in person.
On the morning of the 4th of September the hall
of Columbus was crowded as never before it had been;
for this was the day appointed for the opening of
the catholic congress. The hall was tastefully decor¬
ated, a fringe of plants encircling the carpeted platform,
with a large bouquet of roses on the desk, and in the background festoons of
white and yellow bunting. On the right was a bust of Cardinal Manning; on the
left one of Cardinal Newman, and smiling as in benediction on the audience, the portrait of Leo XIII, beneath
it those of Washington and Columbus, below which was the papal banner. At the head of the procession was
escorted to the platform a gray-haired man, benign of aspect and attired in robes of scarlet. It was Cardinal
Gibbons of Baltimore, to whom was accorded the place of honor. Next to him were archbishops Feehan, Ryan,
Ireland, Hennessey, Jannsens, and other dignitaries of the church, with a number of priests and laymen. By
Archbishop Ireland were briefly outlined the purposes of the congress; Cardinal Gibbons urged that all
discussions be conducted in a spirit of mutual forbearance, and Archbishop Redwood of New Zealand said that
he had travelled 9,000 miles to go to school again at the greatest school on earth—the congresses of the
Auxiliary. By William J. Onahan, secretary of the committee on organization, was read a letter of greeting
and approval from the pope and by Father Nugent a similar epistle from Archbishop Vaughan, successor to
Cardinal Manning. Monseigneur Satolli delivered an eloquent address in Latin, and after further speeches the
first regular session was convened.
1 o relate in detail the proceedings of the catholic or other religious congresses is foreign to the purpose
of my work, not only on account of their length, but because in these pages is no place for theologic or polemical
discussion. Moreover, to the members of each denomination its tenets are already known, and here to repeat
CARDINAL GIBBONS
NORTHWEST ELEVATION MANUFACTURES BUILDING
DOME OF HORTICULTURAL BUILDING FROM WOODED ISLAND
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
95i
them would be a tiresome iteration. Suffice it to mention in briefest outline the more salient features, not
omitting the views expressed by those to whose creeds the Christian world is a stranger.
Passing then to the parliament of religions, it may first of all be stated that while doubtless the only
one at which all the great historic faiths were represented, there is nothing new in its plan; for the project for
a congress of representatives of religious faiths is older than Christianity itself. Says John H. Barrows, chairman
of the committee, “H. Dharrnapala of Calcutta, who was to speak for the Buddhist
church of Ceylon, thus wrote as to the religious parliament: ‘Two thousand years
ago, just such a congress was held in India by the great Buddhist emperor, Asoka,
at the modern city of Patua, and the noblest lessons of tolerance therein enunciated
were embodied in lithic records and implanted in the four corners of his empire.
Here is one extract: King Plyadasi honors all forms of religious faith, and enjoins
not only reverence for one’s own faith, but no reviling or injury to that of others.
Let the reverence be shown in such manner as is
suited to the difference in belief.’”
The idea of a congress of religions, or what
has been termed a sympathy of religions, has been
many a time suggested both in poetry and prose,
from the days of Cominius to those of Tennyson,
who quotes the following inscription for a temple
in Kashmir: “O God, in every temple I see
people that see thee, and in every language I hear spoken, people praise
thee.” And thus in his Akbar’s Dream , one of the most recent of his poems.
JOHN H. BARROWS
I dreamed
That stone by stone I reared a sacred fane,
A temple, neither pagod, mosque, nor church,
But loftier, simpler, always open-doored
To every breath from heaven; and Truth and Peace
And Love and Justice came and dwelt therein.
ARCHBISHOP DIONYSIOS LATAS
By some of the foremost thinkers of the world, both among clergy and
laity, the project was strongly commended, and if here and there it was
condemned, this was only among the prejudiced and narrow-minded. “Religion cannot be exhibited,” wrote an
English clergyman. “But surely,” as Doctor Barrows remarks, “its great part in human history can be
impressively told; its achievements can be narrated; its vast influence over art, ethics, education, liberty can
be set forth; its present condition can be indicated; its missionary activities can be described, and best of all
the spirit of mutual love, of cosmopolitan fraternity can be disclosed and augmented.” By the various denom¬
inations, about thirty in number, were expounded what they deemed to be the special truths committed to
them, the practical results accomplished, and especially such as shed lustre on
their annals.
It was an impressive spectacle that marked the opening of the parliaments
in Columbus hall, on the nth of September, and never before perhaps was seen
at one time and place such diversity of feature and costume. Men from almost
every state and European nation were here; here were Hindoos in their gaudy
robes; Japanese in their picturesque garb, and Chinamen in mandarins’ attire.
When the procession approached the platform, headed by C. C. Bonney and
Cardinal Gibbons, there was neither vacant seat nor standing room on floor or
gallery. Then came a long array of bishops and archbishops, of priests and
princes, of men and women of every race and color, such
as Addision might have dreamed of in his vision of
Mirza. After prayer and hymn, President Bonney briefly
outlined the programme, and was followed by Doctor
Barrows with an address of welcome. Then spoke Arch-
joseph cook bishop Feehan, Cardinal Gibbons, Augusta Chapin,
Harlow N. Higinbotham, Alexander McKenzie, Arch¬
bishop Dionysios Latas, head of the Greek church, P. C. Mozoomdar on behalf of
the Brahminists, and Pung Ivuang Yu for the followers of Confucius.
Among the speakers at other sessions were Lyman Abbott, whose subject was
“religion essentially characteristic of humanity;” E. L. Rexford, whose theme was “the
religious intent; Edward Everett Hale, who was received with much enthusiasm, and
Joseph Cook, who declared that he had no sympathy with the milk and water, lavender
styles of modern religion. Rabbi Mendes spoke in relation to the Hebrew faith; H.
Toki explained the tenets of Buddhism; Kinza Riuge M. Hirai those of the Japanese,
THOMAS W. HIGGINSON
95 2
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
and Shibata Reilchi those of the Jikko sect of the ancient Shintoo faith. Shibata, attired in robes of white and
yellow silk, created somewhat of a sensation by kissing on the cheek several motherly dames who wished to
shake hands with and congratulate him, but this was merely the Jikko method of salutation and was so accepted.
By Archbishop Kane was read a paper from Cardinal Gibbons on the needs of humanity supplied by the
catholic religion. Mrs Eliza Sunderland spoke of comparative religions, and from T. B. Thiele of Leyden
university came a treatise on comparative theology. Thomas W. Higginson, in an essay on the sympathy of
the religions, stated that the first religious parliament in the United States was
simultaneous with the nation’s birth; George Washburn, president of a college at
Constantinople, presented an exhaustive treatise on the points of contact and
contrast between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and Mrs Ormiston-Chant spoke
in favor of a new religion. From Rung Ho of Shanghai was read his prize essay
on Confucianism, and from Monseigneur D'Harlez of Louvain university, a paper on
the comparative studies of the world’s religions. Royalty was also represented at
the parliament, Prince Wolkonsky of Russia discoursing on the social aspects of
religion, and Prince Chudhadharn on Buddhism as it exists in Siam. Lrom Lady
Henry Somerset came a gracious message, and from such eminent men as Max
Muller and Thomas Dwight, papers filled with the ripest fruits of scholarships. A
Hindoo monk complained of the patronizing fashion in which he and his fellow
orientals had been treated by some of the speakers. “We have been told to accept
Christianity,” he said, “because Christian nations are prosperous. We look at
England, the richest Christian nation of the world. Why is she rich and prosperous?
Because she has her foot upon the neck of 250,000,000 Asiatics. We read history
and we see everywhere that Christianity has conquered prosperity by cutting the
At such a price the Hindoo will have none of it.”
The science of religions was also discussed, and especially that of theosophy, among the speakers being
Annie Besant, who discoursed on Karmic law; G. W. Chakravati, who showed what theosophy was; H.
Dharmapala, who pronounced it the basis of all religions; Henrietta Muller, who stated that it revealed the
essential humanity of the deity and the ultimate divinity of man; William Q. Judge and Mrs Cooper-Oakley,
who explained the theosophic ideas of brotherhood and of death. At the congress of
Christian scientists the first paper was read by E. J. Eoster-Eddy, its president. In
an address on scientific theology, John F. Linscott declared that Christianity as a
Christian science was not a religious system but a universal religion, with a universal
principle, and capable of universal practice. Other addresses were on the resurrection,
on spirit and matter, on God incorporeal, mortals and immortals, prophetic scriptures,
healing the sick, the scientific universe, and the brotherhood of man.
Thus the parliament of religions was continued until near the close of the
month, some of the speakers mentioned and many others delivering addresses at
several sessions. With them and after them were held the meetings of the several
religious denominations, whose proceedings cannot here be described in detail. It
may be stated in general terms that at the parliament and congresses were discussed
the theistic teachings of the great historic faiths, the nature and life of man, his place
in the unverse, his spirituality, immortality, and his relations and duties to God. Religion was considered apart
from morality, as were the various systems of religion, past and present, their defects, and what they have
done for mankind, together with religion in the family, in relation to the marriage bond, to home and education,
to society and social problems, to science, art, and letters. The fraternity of peoples, the condition and reunion
of Christendom and of the whole human family, with the characteristics of the coming faith which should unite
mankind in bonds of religious unity, were also among the subjects treated, the
parliament closing with expressions of peace and good will in which all the par¬
ticipating sects and nations were represented.
At the mission congresses the speeches covered a large variety of topics,
among those which attracted most attention being the address of Frank M. Bristol,
who took for his subject the unevangelized in Christian lands, attacking the churches
in vigorous style for expending their yearly millions in sending missionaries to
foreign lands, while near almost every church in Christendom were as dark spots
as existed anywhere on earth. Other addresses were on problems and methods,
Sunday schools as cooperative agencies, bible societies, tract and book societies,
denominational comity and cooperation, and a wide range of subjects touching on
missions and their work, George Smith of Edinburgh, in his “geographical survey,
especially the totally unreached fields, ” outlining the condition of foreign lands, and
presenting statistics as to the great mission fields of the east. Women held separate
conference under the auspices of the International society of woman’s missions, and
later, joint session with the mission congresses.
MONSEIGNEUR SATOLLI
BISHOP SAMUEL FALLOWS
ANNIE BESANT
throats of its followers.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
953
At the congress on Sunday rest, which followed, Rabbi Felsenthal made some most sensible remarks in
connection with the Sabbath in Judaism, denouncing all legislation which would enjoin on unwilling minorities
one certain day for keeping the Sabbath and one certain manner of keeping it. Delegates from several foreign
lands were present, and the papers read were numerous, ranging from Sunday closing at the Fair to Sunday
rest from the work of railroad transportation.
During the first week of October was held a congress on patents, trade-marks, and inventions, these being
classed under the division of intellectual property and thus belonging to the department of government. Many
were the papers read by men and women of whom not a few were specially qualified to deal with the subjects
under debate. Of unusual interest was the address of Judge Flenry W. Blodgett, whose recollections dated
back to 1831, when among the problems of the day was how to gather and garner the harvest of the prairies.
First was invented a plough that would “scour,” and then
a more
serviceable kind of harrow. The cradle
JOHN W. NOBLE
supplanted the sickle and the harvester followed, as did the thrashing machine and the
fanning mill. Next came the combination machine which cleaned the grain and placed
it in bags, these and other inventions attracting westward an intelligent class of settlers,
to whom the use of superior farming implements afforded time and means for self-
improvement and self-advancement.
R. J. Gatling, inventor of the gun which bears his name, welcomed the delegates
on behalf of the American association of inventors, of which he was president. The
greatest monument that the country possessed he pronounced to be the patent office,
from which the first year three patents were issued, and in the year 1892 more than
36,000. To Americans were granted twice as many patents as to all the remainder
of the world, and some of them were of incalculable benefit. By Mrs Charles Henrotin
was read a paper prepared by Flelen Blackburn of London on the inventions of women.
The first patent issued to a woman was in 1637, for preparing tinctures, as of saffron
and roses, and the second in the following year, for an implement for cutting wood
into thin pieces, to be made into band-boxes, and sword sheaths. Thenceforth until
the end of the eighteenth century the names of only 15 women are found in the
records of the British office, with about 40 for the first half of the nineteenth, and nearly 1,800 between 1852
and 1884, since which latter date there has been a steady increase, year by year, in keeping with the growth
of education, wealth, and luxury.
John W. Noble, ex-secretary of the interior, spoke of the interdependence of patents and their relation
to the government. Largely through the inventions of the era of civil strife the republic was enabled to sustain
its armies and prosecute the war; for the productive lands of the west, though depleted of men, were well
supplied with agricultural machinery of improved and recent pattern. William F. Draper, chairman of the
house committee on patents, discoursed on the influence of inventions on cotton industries, showing how
manufactures had been fostered by improvements in machinery for gathering and preparing the crop and
shaping it into fabrics. A plan for an international union for the protection of property in patents, prepared by
Swiss contributors, provoked considerable discussion, several of the speakers urging
the abolition of the section of the revised statutes which limited the term of an
American patent to the shortest term of a foreign patent.
Agriculture was the next topic presented for consideration, and in this group
were included not only farming and stock-raising, but farm life, training, and experi¬
ment, the construction and care of roads, the veterinary art, and among other subjects,
ornithology in its relation to insect pests. To Samuel W. Allerton, who, with Edwin
Walker, constituted the first congressional committee to secure the location of the
Fair, was intrusted the general direction of the congresses, and present on the plat¬
form at the opening session were several chiefs of departments, with many distinguished
visitors from foreign lands. By C. C. Bonney were briefly
stated the main objects of the agricultural congresses;
Allerton declared the condition of the farmer in every way
preferable to that of the industrial classes in the city; Lady
Somerset related briefly her experience as an English land-
owner, giving way to Joanne Sorabji of Hindostan, who
spoke of the magnificent specimens of physical womanhood in the agricultural districts
of India, while Countess di Brazza of Italy described the women of her own sunny land.
W. J. Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural department, declared that he would
not exchange the out-door education he had received in the country for all the college
lore that could be placed before him. But the speech which attracted most attention
was that of J. Sterling Morton, secretary of the national department of agriculture,
who inveighed against granges and other agricultural organizations, which, as he said,
“for political purposes farmed the farmer.” The gauge of battle thus thrown down
was taken up on the succeeding day by Colonel J. B. Brigham of Ohio, who thus
WILLIAM F. DRAPER
J. STERLING MORTON
954
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
took exception to the secretary’s remarks. “Every advance, every new invention of farm machinery, every
experiment which has been helpful to the farmer, has been promoted by the grange, and if it were not for
the grange and the alliance, our country would have no secretary of agriculture.” Continuing, he asserted that
it would be better for congress to have more of the agricultural element in the halls of legislature, and that
when the great struggle came between political corruption and political integrity, the country would turn for
salvation to the men of the farm. Agricultural interests in the south were discussed by a Louisiana woman,
who spoke of the close attention to drainage, fertilization, and suitable machinery, as applied to the production
of sugar, claiming that in no industry common to the United States was cultivation more thorough than on a
sugar plantation. Other speakers dealt with the educational and social features of farm organization, and with
what Connecticut had done for agriculture, especially in the raising of choice live-stock and the establishment
of state experimental stations.
In the congress on agricultural training and experi¬
ment, the directors of the stations scattered through the
states, forming the membership of the national associa¬
tion, discussed the work of their institutions and their
plans for the future. The road congress was of special
interest to the farming community. It was held by the
chairman, Theodore Butterworth, that while the United
States led the world in its railways, it was behind
European countries in highway roads. A. A. Pope of
Boston took an active part in the proceedings, as from
the commencement he has in the agitation over defective
roads, so detrimental to the well-being of American
agriculturists. Various plans were suggested for the
construction and drainage of highways, with systems of
cooperation between farmers and residents of villages, or
of county and state taxation. The general consensus of opinion, however, seemed to favor special legislation by
the states.
By chief Buchanan was prepared the programme which, during July and August, was carried out in the
assembly hall adjoining the Agricultural building. Here subjects were discussed relating to all the divisions of
his department; horticulture, agriculture proper, live-stock, and forestry, the lectures on forestry alone covering
a period of ten days. Such topics were considered as the scientific care of forests, the latest methods of tree
planting, the effects upon climate of tree culture and of the denudation of woodlands, with the best means of
destroying insects harmful to the crops. There was also contributed by delegates a great variety of information
concerning the forests and timber trees of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Among those who participated
were B. E. Fernow, chief of the government forestry division; A. S. Hardy, Canadian commissioner of crown
lands; Robert Hudson of New South Wales; Alfred B. King, commissioner for Siberia; J. J. Grinlinton, com¬
missioner for Ceylon; C. B. Waldron of the state agricultural college at Fargo, South Dakota; C. S. Sargent of
New York, and M. L. Saley of Chicago, the last named speaker taking as his text “ignorance concerning woods.”
J. C. Vaughan was general chairman of the horticultural congress, which dealt with subjects of special
and general interest, J. M. Samuels of the horticultural department, and John Thorpe, superintendent of the
floricultural bureau, being members of the executive committee. Representatives were present from Germany,
France, Holland, Denmark, and other European countries where the raising of fruits and flowers has been
made a study, as well as from the eastern, middle, and western states, in which
these industries are most developed. The seedsmen and nurserymen occupied
separate halls, the papers submitted covering such topics as the care of public
grounds, the work of experiment stations, the past, present, and future of flori¬
culture in the United States, and how best to protect the interests of those who
first raised distinct species of plants. L. Wittmack of Berlin took for his theme
“horticultural displays at future world's fairs,” intimating that despite its wonderful
landscape effects, the Columbian Exposition was somewhat lacking in floricultural
adornment, especially in contributions from foreign lands.
In connection with the agricultural congresses was one on household econ¬
omics in relation to farm and village communities. This was of course in the
hands of women, and of the papers read, especially those on domestic service,
some of the most interesting were from foreigners to whom have been accorded
exceptional opportunities for studying the problems of domestic life. Frau Mor-
gennstern of Germany, Frau Meyer of Switzerland, and Frau Bundy, president of
the Housekeepers’ union of Austria were all agreed that in their several countries conditions differed but little
from those which here obtain. There was the same difficulty in procuring competent and reliable servants, the
same restlessness and instability of character. In Austria, said Frau Bundy, the situation was even worse; for the
laws pertaining to domestic service were such as to provoke ceaseless litigation between employers and employed.
HENRY W. ROGERS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
955
Mrs John Wilkinson was chairman of the congress on household economics, and Mrs Laura D. Worley of the
one on farm life and mental culture. At the latter most of the addresses were from women; but among the
participants were many male representatives from foreign lands. All the speakers dealt with agricultural training
in their several countries, some of them also touching on agricultural societies and resources.
Last on the programme was the real estate congress, held under the auspices of the National Real
Estate association of the United States, its session beginning a few days before the close of the Fair. In his
opening address C. C. Bonney touched on the history of land tenure, which among the Aryan races, even in
prehistoric times, was of a threefold nature—first, in common for pasture or public use; second, by allotment
for cultivation or business purposes; third, by allotment for homes. Long
before history was written, the homestead was held inviolable, and in the
doctrine of homestead exemption there was nothing new; for here neither
king nor officer might enter unbidden. Homes of moderate value should be
free from taxation, and conveyances simple, easily executed, and easily under¬
stood; so that property, when not bequeathed by will, would descend to those
to whom of right it belonged. Thomas B. Bryan, who was appointed chairman,
also urged the simplification of titles, stating that for this purpose were
needed not only judicious laws, but permanency and uniformity of legislation.
On behalf of the National Real Estate association, Henry L. Turner
welcomed the delegates in apt and complimentary phrase. Suitable responses
were made by Albert C. Spam for the eastern states, George A. Armistead
for the south, and Thomas Cochran for the west, other speakers being Senator
Saunders and Judge Waterman, the latter urging the necessity of providing
homes for the working classes. At another session foreign delegates explained
the existing usages in their several countries, and one of the subjects discussed
was “how and to what extent we can attain national and international
uniformity in realty laws.” The Torrens system, as it obtains in Australia,
with objections to its adoption by the United States was also considered,
and an interesting paper was read on “real estate as the ideal asset.”
In conclusion it may be said as to the congresses, that while at times
their discussions may have been prolix and tiresome, while there was perhaps
too much dissertation “de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis, ” many new
ideas were evolved, many old ones were presented in better shape, and many
a plan was formulated which shall bear fruit long after the material exhibits
of the Fair have been scattered among the nations of the earth. To supple¬
ment this material display, by adding to the choicest specimens of human achievement the latest developments
in human thought, was the purpose of the Auxiliary, and without it the Columbian Exposition would have
been incomplete. Here was the soul of the Exposition, just as in the temples of Jackson park was its body;
the one shall perish, but the other shall live again in the lives of millions yet to be.
FLOWER GIRL
World’s Fair Miscellany. —Early in June the vegetarians
held an international conference, beginning with a reception to
visiting delegates, after which were lectures and addresses by
prominent members of the cult from Europe and the United
States. The main purpose was to promote the interests of the
Vegetarian Federal union, and to discourage the eating of flesh,
though aiding incidentally all temperance movements and agencies.
It was claimed by vegetarians that most people were prejudiced
against their tenets, and certain it is that what they had to say
was worth the hearing; for nearly one half of mankind are veg¬
etarians either through choice or necessity.
At the congress on municipal government Mrs Alice Lincoln
read a paper on tenement houses and the people who live in them,
with valuable suggestions as to the erection and care of such
houses, especially in New York, where 1,250,000 people lived in
flats. As an experiment she had purchased, arranged, and fitted
up a tenement block in Boston, and had trained the tenants to
ways of cleanliness and morality, with most satisfactory results.
The poor should be helped, and above all should be taught to
help themselves, to which end she offered many practical hints.
Mrs Florence Kelley spoke on the relations of the municipality to
the sweating system, and Mrs Ralph Trautmann on the sanitary
reforms effected by women in New York. At this congress also
was considered the subject of commercial arbitration, with other
methods of adjusting differences between business men and between
employers and employed.
At the humane and waifs’ saving congresses, held toward the
close of the Fair, with David Swing as chairman of the former
and Mrs Perry H. Smith of the latter, several papers were pre¬
sented by women, among them the countess di Brazza, Mary A.
Lovell, and Flarriett G. Hosmer.
Among those who took part in the mission congresses was
Mary C. Collins, called Winona by the Sioux Indians, among whom
she has lived for many years, with Sitting Bull, Rain-in-the-Face,
and other chieftains near her home on the prairie. She stated
that she had gone back and forth among them by day and night
without meeting with a discourteous word or look, claiming for
the Sioux a nobility of character which the world does not seem
willing to accord.
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-SEVENTH
RESULTS, AWARDS, AND INCIDENTS
all the pleasant features connected with the Fair, one of the most pleasant was the
appreciation, we might almost say the affection with which it was regarded. Of all the
lessons it has taught, perhaps the most valuable was that nations, like individuals, should
not dwell apart, without interchange of commodities, thoughts, and ideals; nor is there
anything that tends more surely to a universal brotherhood of nations than to become
acquainted with the best that each has produced. While the greatest international
exposition that the world ever witnessed has passed into history, it lias bequeathed a
heritage tor good which cannot readily be estimated, shedding a flood of light on
millions of lives and filling the land with the sunshine of beauty and truth.
The barriers of isolation, with the ignorance and egotism which it begets, were
broken asunder; new thoughts and aspirations stirred unnumbered souls, and
men and women were awakened to broader views, to nobler aims than ever
before they had known. All too soon the great object lesson was ended,
teaching to many nationalities, and especially teaching to Americans, what a
people may hope to do and to become; but of such lessons the results are far-reaching, pointing the way to
further progress and showing to man, as nothing else could show, what “in part he is and wholly hopes to be.”
As the 30th of October drew near, the question was discussed of protracting the season of the Fair
beyond the appointed time; for during that month the attendance was by far the largest recorded, amounting
to nearly one-half of the total admissions for the previous term. It was at first proposed to preserve intact the
buildings, and as far as possible the exhibits, for a second fair to be held in 1894; but to this the park
commissioners objected, insisting that the grounds be placed at their disposal on the 1st of January, as in the
original agreement. It was finally determined to close on the date selected, but that the Exposition should
remain open informally so long as the admission fees continued to swell the revenue. Thus its lustre would be
preserved undimmed and its promises fulfilled, with all obligations met.
For Columbus or closing day an elaborate programme had been prepared; but this was the saddest day
of all, a day of jubilee turned into mourning; for the mayor of Chicago, Carter H.
Harrison, who was held in high esteem and respect by his fellow men, lay stricken
dead by the hand of an assassin. The ceremonies were therefore of the simplest, all
joyous features being omitted, as the jubilee march, the firing of salutes, and the national
melodies of all the nations represented. In Festival hall were gathered some 2,000
persons, among them many of the national commissioners, the directors and officials,
and the members of the Board of Lady Managers. First were heard the strains of
the funeral march, and after a brief address from Thomas W. Palmer came prayer by
John H. Barrows, followed by resolutions of respect. Then the Exposition was declared
to be at an end, and after a farewell speech from H. N. Higinbotham the benediction
was pronounced, and without demonstrations of any kind the assemblage dispersed,
slowly and with the silence of respect.
In considering the material results of the Fair may first be mentioned its attendance,
in which, as in other respects, there were many exceptional features. In an early
956
CARTER H. HARRISON
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
957
BUREAU OF PUBLIC COMFORT
number of this work it was stated that an average attendance of 150,000 a day, as anticipated by the managers,
was by no means an extravagant estimate. The actual returns show a daily average of nearly 154,000. During
the 179 days that the gates were open, 27,529,400 persons were admitted, 21,477,212 being paid admissions
and 6,052, 188 from passes. Thus the total was nearly thrice as large as at the Centennial Exposition, and
came singularly close
to that at the Paris
Exposition of 1889,
which remaining
open four days longer
had somewhat over
28,000,000 visitors.
But at first there
seemed little pros¬
pect that the hopes
of the directors
would be realized.
On opening day, the
1st of May, the ad¬
missions were 137, -
557, but on the fol¬
lowing day fell to
less than 20,000, and
for the first half of
the month, with a
single exception, never rose to 40,000. The Fair had a deserted appearance; no one was there, or at least not
enough to give to it a cheerful and life-like aspect. In the Fisheries building, and one or two others where all
the exhibits were in place, there was at times a moderate gathering; but in the great hall of Manufactures,
with its 40 acres of floor space, were barely sufficient people to furnish a congregation for a village church.
The Fair was not ready, and especially the Manufactures building was not ready; on its ground floor were
many vacant sections, and in the galleries there was little to be seen, except bare floors and shelving. More¬
over the weather was chill and damp; for winter lingers long on the shores of Michigan, and no vernal airs
are those which blow from bleak Canadian plains.
During the first month and a portion of the second the admissions were almost restricted to the
people of Chicago and its neighborhood; but slowly at first, and then more rapidly, the attendance began to
increase; for those who came from a distance returned
with most favorable reports, and the journals of the civil¬
ized world were filled with glowing accounts of the
wondrous spectacle. Thus the daily admissions, which
up to the first few days of June only thrice exceeded
100,000, never afterward, except on Sundays, fell below
that figure, the total for June being considerably more
than double the number for the previous month, while
July showed a further improvement, August and September
a large additional gain, and October an aggregate of
nearly 8,000,000. That the attendance was not larger for
the earlier part of the term was due not only to the
unfinished condition of the Fair, but to the policy of
the railroads, which made but a nominal reduction
in fares, while during the later portion, financial panic
and commercial prostration were strongly antagonistic
factors. The summer and autumn of 1893 will long
be remembered as a season of straitness and distress
such as never before had overtaken the business
community of the United States. Banks were suspending by the dozen; capitalists were trembling for their
investments; factories were closing, and everywhere employment was scarce and ill requited. From such a
condition of affairs the Exposition could not fail to suffer in common with all other enterprises.
While against the railroads there were many complaints, as to local facilities for transportation to the
grounds, and within the grounds, there was nothing left to be desired; nor was there more of difficulty in handling
the daily gathering of 200,000 or 300,000, late in the term, than in disposing of the 20,000 or 30,000 who
formed the daily attendance during the opening week. Worthy of note was the decorous conduct of the sight¬
seers, largely composed of the citizens of Chicago and its suburbs, with farmers, business men, and mechanics
fiom within a radius of 200 or 300 miles. Said Chauncey M. Depew in describing the attractions of the Fair:
PILGRIMS OF THE FAIR
PROFILE OF MANUFACTURES AND ELECTRICITY BUILDINGS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
959
A SIDE AVENUE IN JACKSON PARK
“After all the most pleasing thing about it is the crowd. It is a typically American, orderly, good-natured,
intelligent crowd, anxious to see everything that is to be seen, asking questions in a way that makes you
glad to answer them, and answering questions in a way that makes you glad to ask them. There is no
crowding, no elbowing people out of the way to get a better place where temporarily there is a great
number of people wanting to see the same sight. I have yet to observe on the grounds, by day or night, a
single drunken or disorderly person, or any emergency at any time when a guard or policeman was required.”
As with the attendance at the Ex¬
position, so with its finances, the opening
weeks were full of disappointment. For
May the total receipts from all sources were
only $616,140, or but a trifle above operat¬
ing expenses. At this time the outlook was
of the gloomiest, and it was even whispered
abroad that the Fair would go into the hands
of a receiver. Matters began to improve,
however, and in June the income was $1,-
647,644, against an outlay of $630,505, leav¬
ing a balance of more than $1,000,000. In
July there was a further improvement, the
figures being respectively $1,907,194 and
$598,319, with a surplus of $1,368,874. Yet
now that half the term was completed, there
seemed little prospect that all obligations
could be met; for apart from the $5,000,000
in bonds loaned by the city of Chicago, there
were many outstanding liabilities. But still
the prospect brightened, August showing a
surplus of $1,768,058; September, $2,632,372, and October, $3,792,467; the total income from admissions and
concessions amounting to $14,141,242, the working expenses to $3,540,037, and the balance to $10,601,205, with
average daily receipts, excluding Sundays, of $89,501, and an average outlay of $22,405.
In his final balance sheet William K. Ackerman, auditor of the Exposition, presented a condensed report
of its finances, showing receipts from all sources of $28,151,169, against a total expenditure of $25,540,538, thus
leaving the Fair on its closing day with assets amounting to $2,610,631. From this, however, a large sum must
be deducted for outlay yet to be incurred, while additional amounts would accrue from gate receipts, concessions,
and other sources. For admission fees there had been received up to the 31st of October, $10,626,331; from
concessionaires, $3,699,581; from the sale of souvenir coins with premiums thereon, $2,448,032; from subscriptions
to capital stock, $5,604,172; from city of Chicago bonds, $5,000,000, and from miscellaneous items, $686,070.
The expenditure was, for construction, $18,322,623; for general and operating expenses, $7,127,240, and for
preliminary organization, $90,675. After all obligations had been paid, sufficient remained for a dividend of ten
per cent on the ordinary stock, this being subscribed with little expectation of any return in cash. While the
cost of construction and operation exceeded the original estimate by some $4,000,000, the estimated receipts—
$10,000,000 for admissions and $3,500,000 for the sale of privileges and concessions—were more than $700,000
below the actual results.
As compared with the Centennial Fair the returns
show more than a threefold gain, and were nearly twice
as large as for the Paris Fair of 1889, the receipts of
which far exceeded those of any former display. At Paris,
however, the admission fee was but 20 cents against 50
cents at Jackson park, while the cost of construction and
operation, with all other expenses, was less than one
third of that which was incurred at Chicago. Including
the $10,000,000 or $1 r,000,000 contributed by states and
foreign nations, increasing the total to more than $36,-
000,000 in all, the Columbian Exposition was at least
thrice as expensive as the most costly of its predecessors;
a section of the mining building needlessly expensive as some have thought, though con¬
sidering the results achieved, there are few who will take
exception to the investment of a few millions more or less. The preliminary work, before the foundations of
the first building were laid, the drainage of marsh lands, the grading and filling, the viaducts, bridges, and
piers, the construction of artificial waterways, these and other items entailed charges more than twice as heavy
as the entire cost of the first great international exhibition, held in London in 1851. But the citizens of
Chicago are accustomed to great undertakings, and they were not the men to hesitate at this the greatest of all.
960
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
While in other respects the financial estimates of the management were more than realized, they were
entirely at fault as to the matter of salvage, for which only a nominal sum was received. After the close of
the Fair the white city became a white elephant on the hands of the directors. Few wanted the buildings at
any price, either for removal or for their materials; for Chicago was largely overbuilt, especially in the neigh¬
borhood of the Exposition, and seldom had so many dwellings and stores been vacant. Then came trouble
with the park commissioners, whose valuation of the improvements made on the grounds differed widely from
those of the managers. By the latter were scheduled under the heading of salvage some 20,000 tons of iron
and steel, 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 feet of lumber, 22,000,000 bricks, and 1,400,000 square feet of glass.
Then, as permanent improvements, there were dredging, filling, and grading; piers, bridges, walks, and road¬
ways, with the piping which drained the marsh lands of the park, these and other items being valued at more
than $2,000,000. The board of commissioners, on the other hand, estimated all permanent improvements at
JUDGES OF AWARD
less than $100,000, claiming that Jackson park had been damaged, especially through the destruction of timber,
to the extent of $540,000. The difference of $440,000 they demanded as the basis for a final settlement and
for a release from all further obligations. At length the matter was settled by the payment of $200,000 and
the transfer of the buildings and all other property to the board.
Still the question remained as to what should be done with the buildings, for which the highest bid from
responsible parties was $80,000, or less than one per cent of their cost. But the problem was solved in a
manner that few had anticipated, and for which the contracting parties were entirely unprepared. About dusk
on the night of January 8th a fire broke out in the casino and thence swept across the peristyle to the music
hall, all of which, together with the quadriga were consumed. Then the Agricultural building was threatened,
and for a time it appeared that no human power could save from destruction the palaces clustered around the
court of honor. But by a sudden shifting of the wind the flames were carried toward the Manufactures
building, and through its glass roof and the clear-story beneath, a shower of firebrands fell among cases packed
with exhibits, of which about $50,000 worth were destroyed, most of them by water and in the French section,
where the remaining goods had not been packed, as elsewhere, in water-proof cases.
But that which was threatened on this winter night occurred a few months later. On the evening of
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
961
the 5th of July some lads at play near the terminal station observed the gleam of fire within, and entering the
depot tried for several minutes to stamp it out; but these few minutes were fatal to the existence of several
among the most sightly temples of the Fair. It was a hot summer day; the buildings were dry as tinder;
water was scarce; the fire engines far away, and a fierce gale was blowing from the southwest, fanning into a
conflagration that which when first discovered was but an insignificant blaze. By the time the engines were
fairly at work the terminal
station was one flaming mass,
and leaping across the plaza
the fire had seized on the Ad¬
ministration building, the dome
of which fell with an appalling
crash, covering with burning
cinders and brands the Mining,
and Electricity buildings, both
of which were quickly ablaze.
To these were added, a few
minutes later, the halls of
Manufactures and Transporta¬
tion, though through the efforts
of the firemen a portion of the
latter was saved. Meanwhile
from the railroad terminus the
conflagration had spread to the
Machinery and Agricultural
buildings, the one being utterly
destroyed and the other dam¬
aged almost beyond recognition.
The burning of the Manu¬
factures building was a sight
that will never be forgotten by
those who witnessed this tragic climax in the destruction of the white city. Almost as soon as the fire laid
hold of it the vast semi-circular roof fell in, with its 11 acres of skylights and its 65 carloads of glass. Then
it was seen that the whole interior was aflame, while from hundreds of windows tongues and jets of fire cast
far on the dun waters of lake and lagoon their red and fearsome glare. Presently the frame began to totter;
one after another the huge fagades fell inward with a deafening roar, and of this mammoth temple of the
Exposition there was nothing left, save for the lurid skeleton of a wall. It was now the time of the railroad
strike, and as the conflagration reflected in the sky was seen by neighboring cities inland and on the shores
of Michigan, messages of inquiry came pouring in by hundreds. Fresh in the minds of many was the great
fire of 1871, and with anarchy and lawlessness still unchained, it was feared that the rabble was inflicting on
Chicago a repetition of that dread disaster. As to the origin of either conflagration nothing definite was
ascertained, though both were believed to be the work of incendiaries, probably of the vagrant horde which
infested the streets by day and slept at night wherever darkness overtook them.
PRIZE BANJOS
Fair on
the business interests of Chicago, while the immediate effect was to
place a large volume of currency in circulation, and the future effect
would be to open still further to her merchants the markets of the
world, there were those who declared that in other respects it must
for a time be a positive detriment. It is probable that the average
amount expended by visitors was not far short of §2,500,000 a week,
or about §65,000,000 for the six months’ term. On the other hand
there was overbuilding, with inflation of real estate values, so that
several years must elapse before the normal growth of the city
would warrant the prices demanded. For more than a year after
Chicago was selected for the site of the Exposition, property con¬
tinued to advance; but there it remained, awaiting the opening of
the Fair, and there it still remains, awaiting purchasers who cannot
readily be found. Long after closing day, many hundreds of costly
tenements stood vacant, and as to furniture it could not be given
away, serviceable mattresses, for instance, selling at one cent apiece,
and those of superior quality for two cents. But with the means of
speedy, cheap, and frequent communication extended in all directions,
and, especially toward Jackson park, this can be but a temporary
As
to the influence of the
THE OLDEST STOVE IN AMERICA
THE PERISTYLE AFTER THE FIRE OF JANUARY 8TH, 1894
THE REMNANTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION
964
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
condition of affairs; for there is no more steadily prosperous city than the midcontinent metropolis, and none
with stronger recuperative powers.
A feature in the Columbian Exposition as compared with others of its class was the enormous sale of
exhibits, and especially of foreign exhibits, eight of the nations best represented selling in all more than
$10,000,000 worth of goods. Of some of the articles displayed many duplicates were ordered, more than 200
being required, as is said, for one of the Italian wood carvings. During the six months’ term at least
$2,500,000 was expended in the various Italian sections, most of the purchases being of marbles, porcelains,
bronzes, and wood carvings. Of the marbles, some of them very costly, few were returned to Italy, and in the
Art galleries many of the Italian paintings were sold. To Germans about $1,500,000 was paid, mainly for
carved ivory, meerschaums, and cutlery. Of Japanese porcelains, panels, and lacquer work almost the entire
stock was exhausted, the sales in the Japanese sections, with those of England, France, and Austria, each
exceeding $1,000,000, while to Spain was accredited $750,000, largely for works of art, and to Russia an equal
amount for bronzes, furs, and gold ware.
As stated by the committee of awards, the number of exhibits exceeded 250,000, and of individual
exhibitors was 65,422, to whom must be added those from France and Norway, whose groups were withdrawn
from examination, increasing the total to nearly 70,000 participants, against 61,722 at the Paris Exposition of
1889, and 31,000 at the Centennial Exposition. At all the great world’s fairs a large percentage of medals was
awarded, so large it would seem, as somew'hat to detract from their value. At Vienna, for instance, in 1873,
about 26,000 medals were distributed among 42,000, or 62 per cent of the exhibitors, with 42 per cent at
Philadelphia in 1876 and 55 at Paris in 1889. At Chicago the percentage was 36, or the lowest yet recorded,
21,000 exhibitors receiving 23,757 awards, for many were represented in more than a single group. Thus it
will be seen that the proportion of awards to exhibitors was about as one to three, and to exhibits as one to
eleven, a liberal but not an excessive distribution.
In the regulations governing awards it was provided first of all that “they should be granted upon specific
points of excellence or advancement formulated in words by a board of judges or examiners, who shall be
competent experts.” In engaging
the services of competent examiners
the utmost care was exercised,
correspondence being opened with
many hundreds of societies and
technical organizations, while at
the request of the committee lists
were submitted by foreign nations,
including men of repute as scholars
and scientists. There were in all
852 judges, divided into commit¬
tees of which one was assigned
to each of the main departments,
one or more women to be appointed
to each committee authorized to
pass on exhibits consisting entirely
or in part of woman’s work. By
the executive committee individual judges were appointed to examine certain groups and to report thereon,
selecting those deemed worthy of awards and stating, as mentioned above, the grounds on which the selection
was made, the report to be submitted to the department committee of which he was a member, and transmitted
for final approval to the executive committee.
In bestowing its awards the Columbian Exposition differed in some respects from most of its predecessors.
First of all they were non-competitive; for as the executive committee remarked, in an exposition designed to
illustrate the development of the resources of the United States and the progress of civilization in the New
World, as compared with all participating nations, the results should be placed on a higher plane than merely
to indicate the relative merits of competing exhibits. Rather should be indicated some independent and
essential excellence in the article displayed, denoting improvement in the condition of the art which it repre¬
sents. Thus the awards would constitute an enduring record of progress as represented by the exhibits m
question, the certificate serving for identification and the medal as a memento of success. Of the latter theie
would be but a single class; nor would there be granted either money or graded awards of any desciiption.
All the medals were to be made of bronze and all must be alike, except that on each would be inscribed the
name of the exhibitor. Under such a system there was, as might be expected, less friction than at former
expositions, only 259 complaints being entered among more than 65,000 exhibitors, while of these but 43 weie
carried to appeal. .
To the various committees with their individual members, and especially to the executive committee, of
which John B. Thacher is chairman, credit is due for their faithful performance of a thankless and arduous
FESTIVAL HALL
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
965
task. First there was the want of funds for clerical and other expenses, including the compensation of judges,
for which no appropriation was made by congress until March of 1893. Then came the appointment of judges,
who were selected with such discretion that not one in a hundred proved incompetent, and there was but a
single case of doubtful integrity. The examinations made by these judges were conducted with the utmost care
and precision; so that few deserving exhibits failed to receive an award, while the total number was kept
within reasonable limits. Especially is to be commended the non-competitive system, avoiding the obnoxious
and almost impossible task of a relative discrimination between more than three-score thousand participants,
with all the jealousy and dissatisfaction which such an adjudication could not have failed to arouse. Never¬
theless objection was taken by many, on the ground that it bestowed no definite and distinctive badge of merit
on any single exhibit.
The architects of the principal buildings, of many of the state and foreign buildings, and even of the
Midway and other structures received awards from the judges in the Liberal Arts department, in which are
included public works and constructive architecture. Suitable honors were also bestowed on all nations, states,
municipalities, public institutions, and other organizations which contributed substantially to the success of the
RUSSIAN CHORUS
Fair, together with such individuals and societies as by their achievements or inventions, or by the development
of arts and industries, have aided the cause of civilization. For these, in addition to the Exposition medal,
a diploma of honor was prepared. Both medals and diplomas were prepared under the direction of the secretary
of the treasury, and with these the executive committee had nothing to do, except for the correction of clerical
errors. For the diplomas the design was intrusted to William Low, by whom was executed much of the fresco
work of the Fair, and for the medal to Augustus St Gaudens, of whom mention is made in connection with its
decorative statuary. Both are of excellent workmanship and have been pronounced by competent critics
superior to any before provided for similar purposes.
Early in the term of the Fair large numbers of exhibits were donated to the management, for among
the groups were not a few which, though valuable as exhibits, had not enough intrinsic value to pay for the
cost of homeward transportation. In the department of Mines and Mining, for instance, there were bulky
collections from countries as far distant as New South Wales, the return of which was practically impossible,
and if returned they would no longer be kept together as collections. From state and foreign commissioners
came liberal offers of contributions, while in each division of the Fair many of the articles displayed were
donated by exhibitors, and others could be had almost for the asking. Then there were the collections in the
Anthropological division, with their rare and curious relics, most of them the property of the Exposition. What
disposition should be made of all this property was a question that confronted the directors long before closing
day drew nigh. Something should be done, and that at once; for the time was short, and many universities
and scientific associations were anxious to secure the treasures which belonged of right to Chicago, there to be
preserved intact in a memorial museum, which with further accretions would form such a storehouse as does
not exist elsewhere in the United States.
During the first week of August the question was considered by the directory, three members of which_
George R. Davis, Harlow N. Higinbotham, and James W. Scott—were appointed a committee to canvass the
966
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
situation and formulate a plan. But whatever was done should be done, as the directors considered, by the
citizens themselves, as an enterprise belonging distinctly to Chicago, and not merely as an offshoot of its fair.
Hence, a few days later, a meeting was held of men prominent in business, scientific, and educational circles,
and after a brief discussion, two committees were appointed; one on organization, the other, including all the
chiefs of departments with the director-general as chairman, to secure and take charge of exhibits. Within less
than a month a large number of additional collections, such as would complete the scientific and historical chain
of exhibits, had been obtained by purchase or contribution, mainly from the Anthropological, Transportation,
and Mining divisions.
But in this the Columbian museum, as in the Exposition itself, was to be covered the entire field of
science, giving perpetuity to much that was best worth preserving in the ephemeral city of the Fair. First, there
should be secured a building of sufficient size, arranged with a view to permit additions in future years, and
under control of an administrative board so organized as to be worthy of implicit confidence. These matters
once assured, thousands of articles which else would have been scattered broadcast over the world were presented
to the museum. In the first days of November was transferred, either as gifts or loans, the entire collection of
Columbian relics in the convent of Fa Rabida, except for articles owned by the Vatican and by the duke of
Veragua. Then came a number of curios, documents, and other contributions from the United States govern¬
ment, including the weapons and garments of the ancient races of America. Denmark contributed a portion of
the Thorwaldsen exhibit in the Manufactures building, including models of the house in which he was born and
of the museum that bears his name, with photographs of his statues. Japan gave many artistic curiosities,
with statistical tables and diagrams illustrating the resources of the country. So
with other nations and with many of the states, while corporations and individuals
were equally liberal, the total value of exhibits donated exceeding §1,000,000.
Meanwhile agents were at work, selecting from each department of the Fair the
choicest and most appropriate exhibits that could be secured at moderate cost.
But more generous still were the donations in money from the citizens and
corporations of Chicago, fully in keeping with their proverbial liberality, and
stimulated doubtless by a worthy pride that would not permit the Fair to vanish
without a monument commensurate with its greatness. First of all came a gift of
§1,000,000 from Marshall Field, on condition that an additional §500,000 be raised
and that §2,000,000 of Exposition stock be assigned to the trustees of the museum.
Both conditions were readily fulfilled; Harlow N. Higinbotham, George M. Pullman,
and L. Z. Leiter each subscribing $100,000, and Mrs Sturges and the City Rail¬
way company each §50,000, this total of §1,400,000 being increased by further
benefactions. Thus freely did the city which collected more than §10,000,000
for the Fair contribute toward its perpetuation.
To erect a special building for the accommodation of the museum collections was not possible within the
limit of time; nor was such a building required; for among the temples of the Fair, soon to be demolished
and their contents removed, there was one at least that would answer the purpose for many a year to come.
This was the palace of Fine Arts, the architectural gem of the Exposition and also one of its most substantial
edifices, with spacious transept, nave, and galleries, affording with its annexes sufficient space for a museum
almost as large as the one at the national capital. Here were arranged the various groups, including contributions
from nearly all the main departments, from state and foreign exhibits, and from the Midway plaisance.
Another outcome of the Exposition, and a no less important one, though as yet on a smaller scale, was
a permanent museum of woman’s work, for which at the closing session of the Lady Managers, Potter Palmer,
through his wife as president of the board, announced a sub¬
scription of §200,000, on condition that a proper site be secured.
MARSHALL FIELD
as
Music was a strong feature of the Exposition, and like
the Exposition itself of an educational and artistic character,
though in a measure adapted to popular taste. The appropri¬
ations for this purpose were on a liberal scale, two special build¬
ings being erected—Festival hall, facing an arm of the lagoon
near the wooded island, and the music hall proper, forming a
part of the architectural composition whose leading feature was
the peristyle. Of these the cost was §222,000; for a per¬
manent orchestra §175,000 was voted; out-door music costing
almost as much, while running expenses and miscellaneous items
swelled the total to §551,800, to which must be added the
receipts from 137 concerts at which an admission fee was
demanded, 60 being given free of charge.
In order to carry out the objects of the bureau of music .
the cooperation was invited of all the more prominent choral
fiss
AN ELECTRIC LAUNCH
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
967
societies throughout the United States. Invitations were forwarded to the New York Philharmonic society, the
Boston and New York Symphony orchestras, and the principal male voice societies were requested to join in a
three days’ festival and to study the parts assigned to them. The most eminent of European composers, such
men as Verdi, Gounod, Saint-Saens, Mascagni, Rubinstein, Dvorak, and Arthur S. Sullivan were asked to visit
the Fair as guests, there to conduct renditions of their several works. To performers and musical organizations,
including Joachim’s string quartette and the choir of the Sistine chapel in Rome, a similar call was extended,
and to all a liberal honorarium was tendered, not as a matter of business but for the expenses of travel.
Thus it will be seen that the musical programme of the Fair, as with its Congress Auxiliary, was in
keeping with the grandeur of the material display; but though well worthy of the occasion, its success was less
complete than had been anticipated, for against it several causes militated. First, the high railroad fares,
in which no concession was made, forbade the cooperation of many of the best trained choral societies. Then,
of the more prominent European musicians few were able to attend, and even from these the invitation was
withdrawn; for over the Fair in its earlier term a financial crisis impended. As late as August, so discouraging
was the business prospect that the management unwillingly accepted the resignation of Theodore Thomas as
musical director, and made arrangements to disband its orchestra. Later, when prospects brightened, nothing
could be done; for Thomas, who had been grossly maligned by a portion of the press, refused to return, and
his orchestra had ceased to exist, though high-class music was still rendered under the direction of Max Bendix.
Of the concerts given by the Exposition orchestra 53 were free and there were 32 at which an admission
fee was charged. The latter were intended to place before men and women of cultured musical taste a
complete illustration of the highest forms of music as it exists among the foremost nations of the world. But
while these concerts were in progress, the attendance at the Fair was most discouraging, and before the project
could be fairly tested, the bureau of music was compelled to abandon many of its most cherished schemes. At
the free concerts the average attendance was not short of 3,500 persons, all listening in wrapt attention, though
most of them had never before heard a concert orchestra. It was among this class of people, among those
whose knowledge of instrumentation was limited to the brass band and to such as the theatre affords, that
Thomas sought to create a taste for music of the better class, giving them not the highest but the best of
high-class popular music. Of organ concerts there were 62; of choral concerts 36, in most of which the
Exposition orchestra participated; two concerts each were given by the Boston and New York Symphony
orchestras, and there were a few chamber concerts and pianoforte recitals.
While none of the high-class concerts were continued throughout the term, there were many performances
of special merit, among them the Wagner festivals and the orchestral symphony concerts. In the choral
concerts, under the joint control of William L. Tomlins and Theodore Thomas, many prominent societies
participated, including the famous Apollo club of Chicago. There were also concerts at which were heard the
fresh, young voices of 1,000 children, and others were given by German and Scandinavian singers, and by the
Lineff Russian choir. Organ recitals were frequent, among the per¬
formers being Alexandre Guilmant, whose appearance was one of the
events of the season, as also was that of Paderewski, Lillian Nordica,
and Antonin Dvorak.
A feature in the musical department of the Fair was the after¬
noon concerts given in the Woman’s building, the success of which
was largely due to Mrs Clarke, as chairman of committee on music,
and to Mrs Barbour, chairman of the Illinois advisory committee.
They were intended mainly to introduce to the public amateurs whose
talents and training entitled them to recognition, and the conditions,
as prescribed by Mrs Clarke and endorsed by Theodore Thomas,
were strictly enforced, only female amateurs of special ability being
allowed to participate. No diploma from college or conservatory was
either necessary or sufficient; nor was preference given to musical
prodigies merely as such, all candidates being rated on merit and
not alone for technical proficiency. Professional concerts were also
given and of these there were 31, with 14 amateur concerts, all of
which were the better enjoyed that they lasted little more than an
hour and with a limited number of performers.
At the band-stands and elsewhere out-door concerts were given
. O THE COLUMBIAN LIBERTY BELL
daily or rather several times a day. Sousa’s band was here with more
than 50 pieces and with some of the best instrumentalists from the famous marine band of Washington, of which
he was for many years the conductor. The Iowa state band was also a favorite, and among other home
organizations were Liesegang’s Chicago and Brand’s Cincinnati bands, both of national repute. During the visit
of the infanta Eulalia the Saragossa band gave several concerts in the Manufactures building; there was a
Mexican orchestra, composed of some of the leading musicians and composers in the city of Mexico; in the
German village was a choice infantry band from Berlin, under the leadership of E. Ruscheweyh, royal musical
director, with the cavalry band of the Garde du Corps, of which G. Herold was conductor. In the Austrian
968
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
village the Imperial band of Vienna, with C. M. Ziehrer at its head, gave daily concerts, and in the Midway
plaisance there were acceptable performances, in addition to the discordant music rendered by Bedouin pipe-
players, Dahomean gongs, Chinese fiddles, and other ear-piercing instrumentation.
The drama was also represented at the Fair in open air performances, the first one being on the 30th
of August, the site selected “the sylvan dell,” near the German castle, and the play —As You Like it. The
stage was erected around the trees, their foliage serving as canopy, with masses of shrubbery for background.
Rose Coghlan assumed the part of Rosalind, Otis Skinner of Orlando, and E. J. Henley impersonated the
melancholy Jacques. The leading parts were presentably acted, though Miss Coghlan, while full of sprightliness
and verve, was altogether too rotund of form and lacking in the delicacy inseparable from this the most
delicate of Shakespeare’s creations. Especially was this noticed when she appeared in the garb of a boy, with
painfully abbreviated tunic and lavish display of plump and tightly hosiered limb. The subordinate characters
were feebly interpreted and the supernumeraries awkward and deficient in drill. Nor was the effect improved by
the environment of this extemporized theatre; for the voices of the players must compete with the roar of
passing trains, the whistle of steamboats, the chime of bells in the German castle, and the tune of “Dixie”
vigorously rendered by a Missouri band.
An interesting feature during the last month of the Fair was children’s week, when, the price of their
admission being reduced to 10 cents, they came to the grounds by hundreds of thousands. For the poor free
entrance was provided, many firms and individuals subscribing for from 1,000 to 5,000 tickets, while there were
none who wanted for lunch or car fare. The Midway plaisance was the centre of attraction, especially as free
rides were given on the Ferris wheel, though the donkey boys did a thriving business and Flagenbeck’s menagerie
was liberally patronised. The Fisheries, Transportation, and Children’s buildings were well attended, as also
was the Agricultural building, where the little ones were not slow to learn that biscuits could be had for the
asking. It was a merry and somewhat boisterous crowd that filled the grounds
of Jackson park, coming early, stopping late, and for the time being taking
complete possession of the Fair.
Of the celebrations held by state and foreign participants brief descriptions
have been given in connection with their special exhibits; but there were other
celebrations of which some mention is here in place, and first among them the
4th of July, when 330,000 visitors passed within the gates, the largest number
admitted until, near the close of the Fair, Chicago day exceeded all previous
records. It was in truth a cosmopolitan gathering that was then assembled, and
never before had the national birthday been honored by so many nations and in
so many tongues. Dahomeans were here, their dusky forms attired in red, white,
and blue; here were swart visaged Arabs, Soudanese, Egyptians, Algerians,
Samoans, Chinamen, Javanese, with men from every state and from all European
countries. The buildings and grounds were handsomely decorated, the multi¬
colored blending of myriads of flags, the roar of acclaim and salute, the bands and orchestral symphonies, the
grewsome melodies of oriental musicians struggling with popular airs, all forming a pageant such as never before
had been witnessed on the natal day of the republic.
Toward noon Vice-president Stevenson and his party arrived on the grounds, among those who came
with him being the mayor of Chicago and Mrs Perry Stafford, the latter carrying the flag that Paul Jones
bore into action, which later she hoisted to the top of the flag-staff nearest Machinery hall. At the stroke of
twelve two large standards were unfolded east of the Administration building; on the right of the platform was
unfurled the banner of peace, and then was raised an old and well-worn flag with only twelve stars on its field
—the original stars and stripes. With the opening strains of “The Star Spangled Banner” thousands of voices
joined in chorus, and far across the still lagoons was heard this psean anthem, even to the triumphal arch
where Columbus sat enthroned, as though at an ovation of the people for whom he opened the path to greatness.
In the midst of the excitement Mrs Madge M. Wagner touched an electric button which set ringing in the
city of Troy the Columbian liberty bell, fashioned in part out of the 250,000 pennies contributed by as many
children. The addresses by the vice-president, the mayor, Hampton L. Carson, and J. S. Norton were in the
usual vein of fourth of July orations, and long after the close of the ceremonies the audience held informal
demonstrations.
Saturday, the 2d of September, was observed by the catholics as educational day, though few children
were seen among the vast audience which gathered in Festival hall, the galleries and ground floor being occupied
by the clergy, the sisters, and those who had come to hear the speeches and participate in the ceremonies.
Archbishop Feehan presided, and on his right was Bishop Spalding, director of ceremonies, in whose charge
were the exhibits described in connection with the department of Liberal Arts. The speakers, in addition to
the president, were archbishops Hennessy of Dubuque and Ryan of Philadelphia, Judge Morgan J. O'Brien,
who told what catholics have done for education in the United States, and Thomas J. Gargan, who spoke of
“the patriotism and sequence of catholic education.”
On Grand Army day, the 9th of September, about 8,000 veterans took part in the exercises appointed
IRVING M. SCOTT
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
969
for the occasion. The parade was marshalled by E. A. Blodgett, commander of the Illinois department,
assisted by an efficient staff. Forming outside the Illinois pavilion, the divisions marched through the avenue
of state buildings, the First regiment, headed by the Elgin band, acting as escort, followed by the Denver
Zouave drum corps, the George H. Thomas post of Chicago, and other detachments from every section of the
republic. Proceeding to the Administration building, the men were greeted by the notes of the new liberty
bell rung by Alice Scott, daughter of Irving M. Scott of the California commission. Passing thence northward,
ranks were broken in front of Festival hall, where a camp-fire meeting was held and brief addresses were
delivered, letters of excuse and regret being read from ex-President Harrison, W. Q. Gresham, generals Schofield,
Howard, Slocum, Miles, and others whose absence was regretted by their former comrades in arms.
During the last week of October it was estimated that 75,000 odd-fellows took part in the World’s Fair
celebration of their order, a parade held in Chicago on the 25th including delegations from every state in the
union and from every province in Canada. On the following
day the military and civic divisions assembled in Jackson park,
and with them came members of the sister order, the daughters
of Rebekah. The exercises were held in Festival hall, where
shields were placed around the balcony, one over the principal
entrance bearing the symbol of the linked chain and the initial
letters of the watchwords, “Friendship, Love, and Truth.” E.
S. Conway, grand master of the jurisdiction of Illinois, was
introduced as chairman by W. S. Frost, marshal of the grand
lodge of that state. After an overture by the Iowa band,
prayer was offered by H. W. Bolton, chaplain-general of the
patriarchs militant, and John C. Underwood delivered the
opening address, Charles S. Thornton tendering fraternal
greeting on behalf of Chicago members, Grand Sire C. T.
Campbell of London, Ontario, responding for the sovereign lodge
to the chairman’s proffer of hospitality, and Past Grand Sire
C. P. Sander of New York thanking the jurisdiction of Illinois
in the name of the society at large. On this and the following
day were held competitive drills and sword exercises in the
Live-stock pavilion, concluding with a dress parade in front of the Government building.
On the 25th of October, or marine day as it was termed, a parade of boats was formed in four divisions,
their course being around the wooded island, through the north canal and grand basin, and thence returning to
the starting point. They were of many types and represented man)' nations, forming a novel and interesting
spectacle as they glided through the waterways. First came the naval squadron of gigs, dingies, cutters,
TURNERS' DRILL IN LIVE-STOCK PAVILION
97°
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
launches, and whaleboats, from men of war, from the Viking ship, the caravels, and the New Bedford whaler
moored off the grounds. The fisheries division followed, with dories, striker and folding boats, dug-outs, Lofoden
island and other fishing boats, Eskimo kiaks, and Dahomean canoes. Next was the transportation squadron,
in which were row-boats, canvas and other canoes, gondolas, coast-guard, motor, and life-boats, electric, steam,
gas, and naphtha launches, a Norwegian pleasure boat, a Turkish caique, a bicycle boat, and a Ceylonese
catamaran. In the last or miscellaneous division were boats of ancient pattern and Indian craft of strange
device. In the afternoon there was hornpipe dancing by young girls in sailor garb, and at night a mimic battle
in which fireworks took the place of weapons.
Two days later was held a reunion of city officials and prominent citizens gathered by thousands from
every state to do honor to the Exposition and themselves to be honored. The exercises were held in the music
hall and were followed by a concert at which were rendered the works of Chicago composers. Among other
celebrations which cannot here be described in detail
was that of the knights of Pythias, who on the 9th
of August assembled in full uniform, led by Grand
Chancellor Barnes of Illinois. The 20th of that
month, the birthday of Charles Carroll of Carrollton,
one of those who signed the declaration of independ¬
ence, was selected by the Patriotic order of the sons
and daughters of America. A
day or two later the Foresters
held festivity, and on the 25 th,
the colored races, with Frederick
Douglass as president, met
Festival hall, other days
selected by the Turners’ union,
the butchers and grocers, and the
United Typothetse of America.
In the Massachusetts build¬
ing, a few days before the close
of the Fair, the chiefs of depart¬
ments gave a reception to foreign
and national commissioners, the
Board of Fady Managers, the
directors, and other officials. The
floral decorations were a feature
of the entertainment, the tables
and mantels being crowned with
roses, the brackets draped with
smilax, and every niche and corner
filled with palms and ferns. In
the upper hall was stationed the
Mexican band, and later appeared
the Lineff Russian choir, followed
by a vocal concert. Supper was
served in the Dutch kitchen
in the centre of the
handsome pyramid of roses.
m
being
LOVING CUP PRESENTED TO THOMAS W. PALMER
and
refreshment
foreign commissioners to a banquet held in the
table, well stocked for the needs of a thousand guests, was e
On the nth of October the Fair officials invited the
music hall, for now the last instalment of debt had been paid, and fitting it was that men should give them¬
selves over to feasting. The entertainment was of a cosmopolitan character and without undue formality, the
guests passing between courses from table to table, renewing old friendships and forming new ones. The walls
were decorated with the flags of all nations; the music of all nations was rendered by their several bands, while
costumes were no less varied, the sombre evening dress of the Anglo-Saxon contrasting strangely with the
gorgeous uniform of the oriental and the fantastic headgear of the Corean. The tables were arranged in
artistic groupings, curved, crescent, and cruciform, and with a view to avoid all suggestion of favoritism. The
sixteen great columns which encircle the hall were entwined with wreaths of oak leaves; the arch at the further
end was festooned and garlanded in green, interspersed with roses of every hue, and overhead were electric
lights in special designs. In the gallery the fashionable women of Chicago mingled with the wives of foreign
commissioners, listening to the speeches, which were many; for it was not until an early morning hour that
the last toasts were honored.
To Thomas W. Palmer, as president of the World’s Columbian Commission, a farewell banquet was
given by his associates, among the guests being the representatives of many states and nations, those who had
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
971
helped to make the Fair a success paying tribute to one whose name will ever be associated with what has
been not inappropriately termed “the eighth wonder of the world.” Introduced by George V. Massey as
chairman, the president spoke, as is ever his custom, briefly and to the point. “Without some national body,”
he said, “the Chicago Fair would have remained a Chicago Fair. I accepted the presidency with considerable
trepidation, and had I known what was involved, would probably not have done so; but once in office I felt
like a man who had hold of a live wire, and am glad that I did not let go. ”
M. H. De Young was the guest of honor at a banquet given to him as director-
general of the Midwinter Exposition to be held in San Francisco, and also as second
vice-president of the national commission. On the 11th of November a parting feast
of which George R. Davis was the chosen recipient, closed a long series of World’s
Fair entertainments.
Many were the distinguished men and women who visited the Fair, some of
royal, some of noble lineage, and others who owed nothing to the accident of birth.
First of all was the infanta Maria Eulalia, who came here at the invitation of congress
as the guest of the nation and the representative of Spanish royalty, accompanied by
her husband the prince Antonio. Several of her visits to the Fair were made
incognito; for when known, they never failed to attract a crowd, the 8th of June, a
day set apart to do her honor, bringing to the gates 169,000 visitors, by far the
largest attendance so far recorded. Escorted to the grounds by a troop of the Chicago
hussars, she was received by officials with the utmost deference and met with every
possible attention. But the infanta preferred rather to go her own way and see the White
City for herself, as inclination prompted. After making a tour of the grounds, breakfasting at the Administration
building, sipping tea in the Cingalese pavilion, and holding a reception in the assembly room, she dismissed
her carriage and escort, and passing forth unnoticed from the Woman’s building, joined in the throng of sight¬
seers, remaining for the illuminations and the fireworks, of which there was a brilliant display. On another
occasion she inspected the ruins of the cliff-dwellings and the Columbian relics in the convent of La Rabida;
witnessed an Indian war-dance, and enjoyed a trip on the intramural railroad; but her favorite resort was the
Horticultural building, in which her country appears to excellent advantage. At her last visit she took luncheon
at the Pickwick club-room of the White Horse inn, where the attendance of a pompous English butler, his
massive calves encased in black silk stockings, did not enhance the enjoyment of the feast. Returning to New
York by way of Niagara, a few days later she set sail homeward, bearing with her the good wishes of a people
of whom, as she said, she would ever cherish the most pleasant remembrances.
Archduke Ferdinand, heir apparent to the throne of Austria was among the pilgrims of the Fair, though
few at the time were aware of it; for he came merely as a visitor and avoided all publicity. So with Duke
Alexander, cousin to the tzar, whose name appeared on the hotel register as Lieutenant Romanoff. Among
other royal visitors was the sultan of Johore, the exhibits from which country, especially in the Agricultural
building, were somewhat of a surprise. From India came several of her native rulers, of whom Jajat Jit Singh,
maharajah of Ivapurthala, aroused the most interest. He was a man of imposing presence, nearly six feet in
height, and except for his turban, dressed in faultless modern costume, speaking several European languages,
and well informed on the questions of the day. His main object, he said, was to study the latest inventions,
especially in electrical appliances, and these he inspected thoroughly, spending most of his time at the Fair.
Another Indian potentate was the rawab of Rampur with his suite, the party visiting the Exposition while
making a tour of the world by way of China, Japan, and San Francisco.
GEORGE V. MASSEY
Of the visits of the lord-mayor of Dublin, the earl of Aberdeen, and other eminent personages, mention
has been made elsewhere in this work, lo the mayor a public reception was given by the city council of
Chicago, and the earl was received by the director-general, in whose parlors assembled
a number of officials and chiefs of departments, with several of the lady managers.
Benjamin Harrison with his party, among them was Senator Morrill, was the guest of
Thomas W. Palmer; but his visits to the Fair were of an informal character. To
Secretary Carlisle and Governor West of Utah was given in the Kentucky building an
orthodox Kentuckian feast. Cornelius Vanderbilt and his sons arrived in their private
car, which served them also as a hotel. Among men of science was Thomas A. Edison,
whose inventions have been displayed at every international and scientific exposition
held within the last score of years. He came unheralded, avoiding all notoriety, and
of his coming only a few of his intimate friends were informed. From France as guests
of the society of American engineers, came forty of her most eminent men in that pro¬
fession, and with them the sculptor Bartholdi, other men of science, art, and letters
arriving by hundreds and thousands; for as Edison observed, “no one who made his
living by his intellect could afford to stop away from it.”
True there was a reverse side to the glories of the Fair, but on this in these
closing lines I need not dwell. Among the visitors was a small but demonstrative contingent which seemed to
have come to Chicago for no other purpose than to complain, men and women to whom the colossal grandeur
THE INFANTA EULALIA
972
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
W. PECK, CHAIRMAN OF FINANCE
COMMITTEE
of a display contributed by all the nations of earth was as nothing compared with the imperfect cooking of a
meal. But of these narrow souls there were not many; for with rare exceptions all minor drawbacks were lost
in a sense of gratitude and admiration, the young that they had witnessed a spectacle the like of which they
had never looked upon before, and the old that they had lived to see it. If among the former not a few
returned to farm or village life dissatisfied with its simplicity, this was not the fault of the Fair, nor to such
a feeling should its object lessons have inclined. Here youth and manhood were not only educated, but
conducted around the world, while to womanhood was for the first time revealed the
full scope and dignity of her mission. “No man,” said Chauncey M. Depew, “can visit
the Exposition, go through it, stay in it, and stay with it, without becoming a broader
and better man for the remainder of his life.”
To those who created and conducted the Fair, to its national commission, its
board of directors, its special boards and committees, its artificers, and its chiefs of
departments a parting tribute should be given. Though men of affairs and accustomed
to large undertakings, the managers came to their work untried, inexperienced, new to
the task, and only was the final result achieved by working together in perfect
harmony, loyally and for a common cause. That their counsels were always wise,
that their plans were always carried to perfect fruition, they do not pretend to claim;
but during the formative period of the Exposition, and even after its completion, they
confronted and overcame such obstacles as seldom before obstructed the path of human
enterprise. First there was the indifference of foreign nations, of many of the states,
and above all the indifference of congress, which gave but grudgingly of its ample store
and encumbered its gifts with many a vexatious restriction. As to the financial
difficulties they appeared at times insuperable; for, as we have seen, the expense of construction far exceeded
the original estimate. But the directors grappled manfully with the problem, as did others who united together
for a single purpose, .rich and poor alike giving of their substance and their time, each sparing what he could
from his abundant or scanty means. That meanwhile their own business interests were suffering was not for a
moment thought of; they would stand by the Fair until its gates were closed, and
then, as Harlow N. Higinbotham remarked when resigning his presidency, “it was
time to make a little bread and butter.”
No wonder that in such a spirit the gravest of monetary problems were solved,
that funds were poured forth with lavish hand to complete and decorate the buildings
and grounds, to arouse the dormant interests of states and nations, and to secure for
each department a choice and comprehensive collection of exhibits. Quickly sped the
three long years of preparation that preceded the opening day, each crowded with events
of surpassing interest, and each forgotten as soon as passed. Through financial and
other difficulties, through a winter of extreme severity, through the stormy months of
a backward spring, the directors remained at their post, until in the finished fabric of
the Fair they presented to the world results which disarmed all criticism and silenced
even the voice of envy. Then they invited the people of the world to come and see
for themselves what had been accomplished by this one of
the youngest among American cities of metropolitan rank.
And the people came, returning home with eloquent stories
of the wondrous spectacle, so that there were none who again would ask as here¬
tofore, “where and what is Chicago?”
The Columbian Exposition has fulfilled its purpose; its mission is ended; its
exhibits scattered to the four quarters of the earth, and its buildings vanished into
air. While foreign nations played well their part, the credit belongs above all to
the United States and especially to its western metropolis. That Chicago, which
had ever been considered the embodiment of the material, - - -
should appear as the highest embodiment of the ideal;
that a city noted mainly as the incarnation of the eager,
restless, spirit of a commercial age, a city which, destroyed
in a night, sprang almost as suddenly into yet more
forceful life, surpassing all rivals, but, as was thought,
molding itself only into forms that tended to the growth of riches, to the development
of business prosperity; that such a community should blossom forth at once into the
ripest fruits of culture, presenting to the world the priceless heirlooms of the past,
the grandest results and ideals of the present; this is what made Chicago more of a
wonder than the fairy-land of her creation, giving to her the crown of victory, as to
one who has nobly repaid a nation’s trust.
Elsewhere has been described from its inception the project of the Fair, the
worthy ambition which inspired it, the skill with which it was planned, the liberal
W. FEARN, FOREIGN AFFAIRS
DIRECTOR C. H. SCHWAB
DIRECTOR DE WITT C. CREGIER
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
9 73
' 4 : T;^.. %
C. L. HUTCHINSON, CHAIRMAN OF
FINE ARTS COMMITTEE
spirit in which it was carried to execution; how there were engaged for each depart¬
ment the highest available talent, the ablest of architects, landscape artists, and
engineers, the foremost of sculptors and decorative painters. But greater than the
spectacle itself were the lessons which it taught; for here in these temples of industry,
science, and art, in these avenues lined with the pavilions of states and nations, one
might see more of foreign lands, might learn more of other sections of his own land,
than years of travel could teach him. Never before was gathered together so varied
and instructive an ethnological collection, not only in the hall of Anthropology but in
the Midway plaisance, where were presented types and illustrations from the farthest
ends of the earth, forming of itself a world in miniature.
Here were the representatives of many nationalities, living
their natural lives, practising their domestic arts, indulging
in their favorite pastimes, and thus affording to the observer
an opportunity to study these barbarous, civilized, and
semi-civilized communities, without the necessity for travel¬
ling or for sojourning in their midst.
Nor should we forget the part that woman has played, the countless evidences
of an enlightened and progressive womanhood, showing that of such women there are
now a hundred where in former ages there was one. Of this none can doubt who
examined the collections in the Woman’s building, in the hall of Manufactures and
Liberal Arts, where many of the articles were fashioned by female hands, while even
in the palace of Fine Arts women were largely represented. If here and there were
exhibits which spoke of “fingers weary and worn,” of eyes which saw no sunlight,
of cheeks pallid with confinement in dreary and crowded workshops, such emblems
of bondage were rare as compared with numberless products in all degrees of beauty and utility, coming from
woman as an exponent of the freedom and equality of the age. In this, as in other respects, the Fair has
. been to the world a revelation, to Americans an inspiration.
It has shown, as no written or spoken words could show, the
power and progress of a nation where all are free to strive for
the highest rewards that energy and talent can win. In this
the heroic age of industrial development, in these closing years of
the nineteenth century, it has presented to the world, as in a
mirror, the highest achievements of which mankind is capable.
Its future influence none can measure or foretell. This only we
know, that it will live; will live not only as a memory, but as a
stepping stone to greater and nobler efforts, to be compensated
with yet richer and more abundant fruits.
H. O EDMUNDS, SECRETARY OF THE
EXPOSITION
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION
TICKETS
World’s
Fair Miscel¬
lany.— Immedi¬
ately after the close
of the Fair there
was held in the Art
institute, under the aus¬
pices of the Chicago
Horticultural society, a
floral display, especially
of chrysanthemums, with
a distribution of several
thousand dollars in cash
prizes, in addition to medals,
one of the features being a
competitive exhibition of
designs for table and other
decorations
The result of the agi¬
tation as to Sunday closing, al¬
ready mentioned, was that with
four exceptions the Fair was kept
open, though litigation was con¬
tinued throughout its term. Sa¬
cred concerts were given, and at
times there was divine service in
one of the music halls, conducted by
Jenkins Lloyd Jones and others. July
2d was observed as “patriotic Sun¬
day,” when there were special exercises in Festival hall, with a
reunion of army and navy men.
At the head of the department of admissions was Horace
Tucker, for many years freight agent of the Illinois Central rail¬
road, Captain De Remer being appointed chief inspector. By the
latter a force of 550 ticket sellers and takers was organized,
drilled, and uniformed by the 1st of May, and so perfect was the
system that less than 200 errors were found among all the mill¬
ions of tickets issued. As to pilfering $100 would more than
cover the amount that was detected, 90 per cent even of the change
carelessly left at the ticket booths being returned on application.
There were in all 182 ticket windows, 97 ticket booths, 326 turn¬
stiles, and 172 exit gates, thus avoiding the possibility of serious
delay, no matter how large the crowd.
Long before the opening of the Fair, its managers were be¬
sieged with applications for season tickets, less for actual use
than as souvenirs. These were printed in four different designs
by the American Bank Note company of New York. On the face
was inscribed in scroll work at the top “World’s Columbian Ex¬
position, Chicago;” beneath this the words “Admit the Bearer”
and the dates between which the ticket was available. On the left
was the portrait of Columbus, Washington, Lincoln, or of an
Indian chief, and at the foot were the signatures of A. F. See-
berger and H. N. Higinbotham. About 60,000 passes were issued,
most of them to exhibitors, concessionaires, and members of the
press, the total number of admissions by pass, including return
checks, exceeding 6,000,000.
Near the Service building was a police station, with an entrance
from Stony Island avenue. Several hundred experienced detectives
974
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
were stationed on the grounds under
the direction of John Bonfield as chief;
for the White City was a Mecca for
thieves as well as for honest folk.
The secret service force was composed
of expert thief-takers from all parts
of the United States and even from
European countries. Those who were
identified as thieves were shown to
the officers and thereafter forbidden
to enter the gates. They were also
brought before the members of the
city police, and thus a brand was
placed on such of the fraternity as
intended to make Chicago the sphere
of their operations. A lost and found
department was included in the secret
service bureau, with an elaborate sys¬
tem of records and reports. During the first seven weeks of the
Fair 550 articles were recovered of every conceivable description,
from umbrellas to diamond rings and purses well stored with
greenbacks.
In connection with the police service was the fire department,
with Edward Murphy as chief, the efficiency of which I have
already had occasion to
notice. There were six cir¬
cuits to each system and
the two were conducted on
parallel lines, most of the
alarm boxes being placed
on one side of the principal
buildings, and the police
boxes on the other. There
was also a supplementary
system which connected the
central stations with all the
police and fire stations on
the grounds. There were
two telephone systems, one
a branch of the Chicago
City Telephone company,
and the other under con¬
trol of the Exposition au¬
thorities, its service limited
edward murphy to communication within
the park.
Adjoining the service building was the medical bureau and
emergency hospital, of which John E. Owens was in charge, with
resident and attending physicians, a staff of trained nurses, and
all appliances for immediate re¬
lief, the hospital not being in¬
tended as a place for continuous
treatment. Patients were of
course retained until they were
in a condition to be removed;
but were so effectively treated
that most of them were taken
to their homes before nightfall.
During the first weeks of the
Fair few seats were provided,
and on a single day nearly 200
cases occurred of prostration
from fatigue and other causes.
As the crowds increased and the
hot weather came, the physicians
found no lack of occupation;
but doctors and nurses were al-
john e. owens ways at hand, dividing the
watches between them, day and
night. The following excellent advice to visitors from Doctor
Hillmantel applies to all gatherings of sight-seers. “Come to the
Fair early; avoid exposure to the sun; keep quiet during the heat
of the day, and on hot days explore only a limited area. Don’t
loiter or saunter, but move rapidly from point to point; when
examining an exhibit stand still and take it in with the eyes and
JOHN BONFIELD
not with the feet; for nothing is more fatiguing than the constant
shifting of the body’s weight from one foot to another. Eat
when you are hungry, without waiting for meal time, and eat all
you can. Be cheerful; keep your temper, and don’t find fault.
Don’t take children too far around the grounds, and place in
roller chairs or leave at home the very aged and infirm.”
For catering the largest concession was granted to the Wel¬
lington Hotel company, by which were opened numerous places of
refreshment, supplied from a large building in the southwest
corner of the grounds. In the store¬
rooms were kept many hundred car¬
casses of beeves and sheep, with fish
and fowl to correspond. In the cook¬
ing ranges, 120 feet in length, 30
huge roasts of beef and 50 turkeys
could be cooked at a time, and the
daily baking of bread was 40,000
loaves, while of sandwiches an un¬
known quantity was prepared for more
than 40 lunch counters.
It was estimated that 18,000,000
passengers were carried on the trains
of the Illinois Central railroad be¬
tween May 1 st and October 30th, ex¬
press trains, with cars specially con¬
structed for the purpose, starting.from
the lake front in Chicago at intervals
of three minutes, and making the trip
in a quarter of an hour or less. The largest traffic was on Chicago
day, when 541,312 passengers were carried on 1,095 trains, some¬
thing unprecedented in railroad service. During these six months
no casualties occurred through the fault of the company’s officials
and only four or five in all. The elevated railway and the lake
steamers were also favorite modes of travel, and the cable roads
carried large numbers. Then there were vehicles of all descrip¬
tions from tally-hos to tradesmen’s wagons.
No light or pleasant task was that of the committee on
awards, and especially of John B. Thacher, chairman of the ex¬
ecutive branch. Many were the protests against what was termed
the single judges system, though as a fact several judges might
be appointed if necessary, and each written report recommending
that an award be granted must be submitted for approval to the
proper department committee, with right of appeal to a special
court. Awards were granted for all classes of exhibits from loco¬
motives to travelling trunks, of which latter it may here be
remarked that those of American manufacture were most in favor
and received the largest number of medals.
H. H. HOLCOMB, CHIEF OF TRANS¬
PORTATION
PRIZE EXHIBIT OF TRUNKS
CHAPTER THE TWENTY-EIGHTH
THE CALIFORNIA MIDWINTER INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION
O describe in these pages the California Midwinter Exposition was no part of my
purpose when I took upon myself the task of writing The Book of the Fair; nor
could it have been so; for at the time no such project was undertaken or even
entertained. But here is an outcome of the Columbian Exposition without which a
description of the latter could not be considered as complete; for not only were the
best exhibits from the Pacific coast transferred with many additions to their winter
quarters, but here also are not a few of the most attractive features in the Midway
plaisance and in other portions of the great entertainment at Jackson park. Two
unsuccessful efforts had before been made to place California more prominently before
the nations; but here was an opportunity such as never before had occurred, and
might not occur again for at least a score of years. While by no means a mere
imitation of its predecessor, and with much that is novel and original, it
may be said that as a purely original enterprise the Midwinter Fair could
not have been opened for ten times its actual cost and probably could never
have been opened at all.
Early in the season of the Chicago Fair a wish was expressed by many
of the exhibitors that another international exposition could be held somewhere
within the limits of the United States, but one on a smaller scale and more
select in character. To make even a superficial examination of the collections
housed in Jackson park was the task of several weeks, and to examine them critically and in detail the entire
six months’ term would not have sufficed. Under such conditions only the most striking exhibits found favor
with the majority of sight-seers, while even the best appeared at a disadvantage amid all these acres of floor
space, and of many the effect was marred by juxtaposition with others of inferior quality. Here was the main
drawback to the Columbian display, its only serious drawback; so that men said as Edward Everett Hale
remarked of the Vienna Exposition: “If this be a specimen of the world, then one wants a museum which
shall be a specimen of the Exposition.”
Among others to whom the project commended itself was Michael Id. de Young, vice-president of the
975
976
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
Columbian commission, one of the California commissioners to Paris in 1889, and thus a man of experience in
the affairs of international expositions. Why not hold such a fair in San Francisco, one that should open in
midwinter and be known as the Midwinter Fair? Here would at least be a novel display, and one whose
attractions would be increased by its environment, especially to those who came from afar to see it; for in
winter the golden state is attired in robes of emerald, a covering of verdure taking the place of snow, and at
no season of the year does the climate appear to such advantage. Another incentive was that although the
Californian exhibits at Jackson park, in common with those of other sections of the coast, were a source of
general admiration and surprise, to Californians themselves they were a disappointment; for, as was thought,
they did not adequately represent the resources and achievements of the community. As compared with less
favored regions California was little known; her changed conditions were little understood; and to make her
known, to place her in the rank to which she was entitled among the sisterhood of states, was the main object
of the Midwinter Exposition.
To a few of the more prominent Californians then sojourning in Chicago De Young explained his plans,
with the benefits that would result therefrom, and on the 1st of June the announcement was made that an
THE COURT OF HONOR
international fair would be opened in San Francisco a few weeks after the close of the Columbian Exposition.
At first it was received as a joke, or at least as a rash and ill-advised project, one for which the time was too
short, for which no state, municipal, or government aid could be expected, and that must be achieved, if
achievement were possible, entirely through the private subscriptions of a community overtaken by severe and
protracted business depression. No wonder that with these drawbacks, and coming as it did immediately after
the most imposing display of industries and arts that the world had ever witnessed, moneyed men regarded the
scheme with disfavor.
But the projectors were thoroughly in earnest; nor was it from moneyed men but from the people that
they expected to raise the necessary means; for this was to be a people's fair, an enterprise in which all might
join, in which all might feel a worthy pride, as the first undertaking of its kind that had ever been attempted
on the Pacific coast. At a second meeting, held in Chicago on the nth of June, 141,500 was subscribed as a
nucleus for the Exposition fund, and a few days later 4,400 exhibitors at the Columbian Fair had promised as
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
977
many exhibits, only those of superior quality being accepted. If at first the wealthier citizens of San Francisco
were somewhat lukewarm in their support, this feeling was presently overcome as meetings were held, subscriptions
came pouring in, and it was seen that the public had taken hold of the matter with the enthusiasm characteristic
of Californians. Before the close of August there was sufficient money on hand to insure the success of the
project; congress gave to it official sanction, and meanwhile a permanent organization had been effected, with
De Young as president and director-general, Irwin C. Stump as vice-president, P. N. Lilienthal as treasurer,
and as secretary, Alexander Badlam, other members of the executive committee being Colonel A. Andrews
and Robert B. Mitchell, all citizens of San Francisco. To these were later added Eugene J. Gregory of
Sacramento, J. E. Slauson of Los Angeles, Felton G. Berry of Fresno, and Jacob H. Neff of Colfax. There
was also a finance committee, of which W. H. L. Barnes was chairman, with Herman Shainwald as manager,
and by both excellent work was accomplished, no effort being spared to secure such a fair as would be a credit
to California, to the Pacific coast, and
especially to the city by the Golden Gate.
The site selected was in Golden Gate
park, which a score of years ago was little
more than a wilderness of sand-dunes, and is
now the pride of the home-loving San Fran¬
ciscan, its spacious avenues lined with trees
and its grass-planted surface covered in part
with shrubbery, with acres of lawn, and
flower-beds filled with semi-tropical plants.
Extending from the shore of ocean to within
somewhat less than a league from the busi¬
ness quarter of the city, and with a surface
of more than 1,000 acres, it is reached by
several lines of cable cars running at from
three to five minute intervals. Near the
centre is “Concert valley,” at the time un¬
reclaimed but intended later as a permanent
location for the purpose which its name im¬
plies. This was the chosen spot, its area
with additions as afterward needed amount¬
ing in all to more than 160 acres; for ap¬
plications for space were far in excess of the
original estimate. No great expense for grad¬
ing was needed, nor any large outlay for
landscape decoration, since in the park itself
were all the elements of the picturesque.
At one end of the site is Strawberry hill,
forming the background of the vista, on its
crest an observatory and beneath it an arti¬
ficial lake. Here, under the shadow of the
hill, within sight and sound of the Pacific,
the dedication ceremonies were held on the
24th of August in the presence of 60,000
people, by each and all of whom it was hoped that the event would mark a new epoch in the history of
California.
Not least among the wonders of the Columbian Exposition was the speed with which its structures were
erected; but as to those of the Midwinter Fair it may be said that, like the city which contains them, they
sprang up almost in a night. It was not until late in September that the contracts for the first buildings were
awarded, and yet at the formal opening on the 27th of January, a space of about four months, all the principal
and most of the minor pavilions were practically completed. While none of them rival the magnificent proportions
of the Columbian temples, there are many whose skilful composition and beauty of design leave nothing to be
desired. The larger edifices, five in number, are mainly of oriental type, built around the grand court, or
court of honor, in Concert valley, and approached by a series of stairways and terraces. Giving further
emphasis to the architectural scheme is the Bonet electric tower in the centre, an iron structure, 266 feet high
and of symmetric outline. In this group of edifices utility has nowhere been sacrificed to mere display, nor is
there undue striving after effect; but rather a just adaptation of parts, an interdependence one on another, and
of all on the landscape setting. There is nothing gaudy about them, and there is nothing of incongruity. The
coloring is subdued; the facades are substantial, staff-covered, and somewhat heavy in outline; the windows
arched and deep-set, the roofs low, red-tiled, and surmounted with domes of blue or gilded pinnacles and kiosks,
while shady loggias and arcades recall to mind the mission days of Franciscan padres. Whether considered
BONET'S ELECTRIC TOWER
9/8
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
apart or as a single architectural composition with harmonious blending of device, the buildings are a credit to
their artificers, and the more so that their plan is original, so far at least as originality consists in the adapta-
tion of ancient methods to modern conditions.
In the decoration of the grounds, and especially of the central court, it was intended to give to them in
part a semi-tiopical appearance, and for this purpose everything was at command; for the park commissioners
placed at the disposal of the landscape gardeners thousands of trees and plants, while generous contributions
were received from every portion of the state. Palms are everywhere, rising from terraces and lawns, from
towers and roof gardens, from the fronts of buildings and the borders of avenues. Almost side by side with
the floral wealth of California and of eastern climes are the flowers and shrubbery of southern Europe, of India,
Australia, New Zealand, the Sandwich islands, and Japan, the specimens changed with the changing seasons
and at all seasons loading the air with perfume and presenting a brilliant array of living color. At the head of
the court is a fountain, with figures symbolic of California, and from an electric fountain at the opposite end
countless jets of water rise to a height of ioo feet in wondrous shapes and in every hue of the rainbow.
Elsewhere are the colossal statues of Columbus and Isabella, familiar to all pilgrims of the Columbian Fair.
Surrounding the plaza is a spacious roadway, its centre macadamized and its sides forming polished walks of
bitumen, within which are open spaces where thousands may stroll or linger without overcrowding.
Passing into the court from the principal entrance, the visitor finds himself in front of the Manufactures
building, and here, if it be his first visit, he will tarry for a moment to view in their entirety the leading
features of the Fair. I hrough the mist and spray of the fountain at the further end is seen the Administration
building; on the right are the palace of bine Arts and the hall of Horticulture and Agriculture; on the left the
temple of Mechanical Arts, these with a few minor structures forming the architectural environment. From the
roofs of the various buildings and from flagstaffs around the court are displayed the banners of all nations,
while walls of ivory white relieved with more brilliant hues, gilded spires, and sombre tinted domes and cupolas,
all contiasting with the rich green foliage, afford a striking combination of colors. Eastward is the harbor of
San Francisco, flanked by a range of purple hills, with Mount Pamalpais keeping guard over the Golden Gate,
beyond which are the blue waters of the Pacific.
LOOKING NORJH FROM THE ELECTRIC TOWER
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
979
As in the Columbian Exposition, the largest structure is the hall of Manufactures and Liberal Arts,
planned by A. Page Brown after the Moorish style of architecture, the building with its annex and galleries
having a floor space of 177,000 square feet. At each of the corners is a pavilion surmounted by a cupola 50
feet high, those that front on the central court being connected by a deeply recessed arcade, in the centre of
which is the principal entrance, above it a lofty dome painted in turquoise blue and capped with a lantern
finished in gold. Here is the point of architectural emphasis, the design being further relieved from monotony
MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING
by figures symbolical of the arts and sciences, by gilded minarets, and by the flags and coats of arms of all
the states and nations represented within, these extending the entire length of the cornices. The roof is of
glass and dark red Spanish tiles, an upper gallery opening into a roof garden planted with fuchsias, palms,
chrysanthemums, and the out-door plants which thrive in the mild California winter. In the interior, spacious
aisles intersected by a central nave divide the groups of exhibits, among which is much that was best worth
preserving in the temples of Jackson park.
1 he exhibits, of which Frank McCoppin is in charge, are arranged in three divisions—Manufactures,
Liberal Arts, and Ethnology and Archaeology, the last including such as relate to the progress of labor and
invention. In the department of Manufactures are nearly all the classes contained at the Columbian Exposition,
with others which there were displayed in separate buildings. Under the heading of Liberal Arts are education,
literature, engineering, public works, music, and the drama, with government and law, commerce and banking,
social, religious, industrial, and cooperative organizations. In the third section are presented models and views
of ancient monuments, cities, and habitations; the furniture, clothing, implements, and weapons of aboriginal
races; inventions, and statues and portraits of inventors; objects which illustrate progress in the conditions of
life and labor, with many additional classes and countless subdivisions grouped on floor and gallery; for within
these walls are represented thirty-eight nationalities, including nearly all the great nations of Europe, Asia,
and America, with many of their dependencies.
Education is a strong feature in the department of Liberal Arts, the exhibits of the university of California
occupying the entire northern gallery, and including the display of the Lick observatory at Mount Hamilton.
Colleges and schools both private and denominational are freely represented, while from the East, Harvard,
Yale, and the Johns Hopkins university contribute much that is of interest. Libraries have also their place,
THE BANCROFT LIBRARY
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
981
and in this connection may be mentioned the one from which were collated the materials for my historical and
biographical works exhibited at the Fair, together with most of the historical matter inserted in the story of
the Columbian Exposition, so far at least as it relates to the Pacific coast.
The Bancroft library is of its kind probably the most unique collection extant. It consists of some
60,000 books, maps, and manuscripts relating in whole or in part to the affairs of western North America,
social, industrial, and political. Among them are found in richest abundance details of the discovery of the
several parts of this vast domain, equivalent in area to one twelfth of the earth's surface, and the settlement
and early occupation of the same. The exuberant and varied resources of this region, which embraces all the
latitudes and climates of the northern hemisphere, can here be traced as in an open book; agricultural and
mineral lands, their possibilities and yield; what commerce and manufactures have done; favorable and adverse
influences of combined capital and combined labor; influence of the several religions and also of secret and
other societies; the organization and evolution of governments and political science; in short, there is in this
library ample material for the study of man, aboriginal and civilized, in all the requirements and conditions of life.
Nearly half a century of time and over half a million of dollars were consumed in making this collection.
First, all the nooks and corners of North and Central and South America and the West India islands were
searched for whatever had been written or
printed therein, and whatever related to
them which had been elsewhere published.
Then Europe was several times visited in
like manner; and in numberless instances
where the desired books and manuscripts
could not be purchased, copies were made.
Work of this kind was done in all the great
libraries of England, France, and Germany,
of Italy and Spain. Everything in St
Petersburg relating to Alaska was translated
and copied, the archives of Alaska, which
were sent from Sitka to the office of the
secretary of state in Washington, being
transcribed as needed in full or in part by
able translators and collators. In the libra¬
ries of the British museum, the London
Geographical society, and others in England
was found much rich material on the his¬
tory of the Northwest coast during the fur¬
hunting epoch and the subsequent settle¬
ment of British Columbia and Oregon by
English-speaking people. The archives of
Spain and Mexico supplied masses of his¬
toric data relating to the conquest and
occupation of Spanish America, while chron¬
icles of the doings of Anglo-Americans on
the western slope were secured in the older
settled sections of the eastern side.
When all that could be purchased
on the subject—that is to say the history
of western North America—was thus brought
together from every quarter, and all desir¬
able material that could not be purchased
had been copied at a labor and expense never before approximated in the forming of great libraries, there still
remained many historical gaps which could not be filled from any existing source. Then was devised a plan
for gathering still further historical data relating to the early affairs of the several commonwealths, such as never
before has been applied to any extensive effort of the kind. Corps of literary laborers, under competent
leadership, were sent out in various directions to obtain and write from the mouths of living witnesses their
own experiences. All the more prominent pioneers, and those who had taken an important part in making
history were thus visited, and what they had seen and done was placed in imperishable form.
Flundreds of original manuscripts, of priceless value and of the utmost importance, were thus brought into
existence and made a part of the Bancroft library. Among them were the narratives of the Hudson’s Bay
company’s chief factors and chief traders; of Alaskan officials under Russian regime; of the trappers and traders
of the northwestern interior, the adventurous missionaries and overland emigrants to Oregon and California
during the forties, before gold in the Sierra foothills was thought of; the padres and mission-builders who came
from Mexico and Lower California, leaving a line of Franciscan missionary stations from San Diego to San
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS
AMONG THE STATUARY GROUPS
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
983
Francisco bay; the old Spanish families long resident in San Diego, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara; Marshall,
Sutter, and the great gold discovery which revolutionized the financial world; the miners, the great agriculturists,
and the railroad builders; the merchants, bankers, and manufacturers, with scores of others who contributed
of their experiences to the general storehouse of knowledge in the form of manuscript histories or of shorter
dictations.
Years of time and scores of secretaries were occupied in this work, during the progress of which Alaska
was twice visited, and half a dozen journeys made to Mexico, with repeated tours of the entire territory to be
covered. From the mission and family archives of southern California many thousands of important original
papers and documents were secured, arranged, and bound in bulky quartos. Wagon loads of costly books and
manuscripts were acquired at public and private sales of libraries, such as the Andrade collection destined for
Maximilian’s Imperial library of Mexico, but which at his death was shipped to Europe. Then there were the
Pinart collection, the Ramirez collection, the Squier library, and fifty others. Of the 300 volumes of San
A GALLERY OF OIL PAINTINGS
Francisco mission archives, consisting of papers relating to Mexican land grants, gathered from all the pueblos
and missions of California into the United States surveyor-general's office, there to be used in the adjudication
of claims, an abstract was made, occupying a dozen Spanish copyists. The archiepiscopal archives were tran¬
scribed in like manner, this long, tedious, and expensive method being the only way in which the historical data
contained in these invaluable collections could be brought into and made part of the Bancroft library.
A hundred like incidents illustrating the ways and means of this ingathering might be presented;
but with the facts here given the reader is able to comprehend what otherwise might seem to him an
exa §§ era -tion; namely, that this library is the largest collection of books and manuscripts in the world bearing
on a single topic, if we may consider the history of a given area as a topic; that it is the largest collection of
American history in the world; that no state or nation now in existence, or which ever had existence, has or
ever can have as full and complete data concerning its early history as this collection gives to western North
America; that with easily obtainable eastern data added, and the collection kept up in the future as it has
been in the past, it is not possible for any individual state or nation, no matter at what expenditure of time
and money, to create another library of American history which shall equal or even approach it, for the obvious
984
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
reason that, were the men and means at hand, the time has passed when it is possible to accomplish the
pioneer work which gives to this one its exceptional value.
By the artificer of the Manufactures building was also designed the hall of Administration, which, as at
the Columbian Exposition, is considered one of the architectural gems of the Fair. It is of moderate size and
of graceful proportions, its light and symmetric outlines accentuated by a spacious dome surmounting a central
rotunda, and with pavilions at each of the corners, broad stairways and terraces giving further emphasis to this
chaste and dignified composition. In style it is oriental, the body of the structure resembling somewhat an
Indian pagoda, while in the main entrance, deeply vaulted, and in the mural decorations are traces of Moorish
treatment. The interior of the dome is handsomely decorated, and on the outer surface are figures in relief,
the light which streams from the tall windows beneath imparting a cathedral-like effect. Within are no exhibits,
the various chambers being
occupied by the managers, the
foreign department, the bureau
of information, and as head¬
quarters for the press.
The palace of Fine Arts,
erected by C. C. McDougall,
with John A. Stanton in charge
of its Contents, is a modest
structure of E g y p t i a n t y p e,
constructed of brick and stone
and intended as a permanent
edifice. The exterior is adorned
with palm and lotus leaves,
with Egyptian and Assyrian
deities carved in low relief, and
the friezes are richly orna¬
mented, the decorative scheme
being fully in keeping with the
architectural design. Set back
some forty feet from the road¬
way and slightly raised above
its level, the effect is further
increased by a spacious vesti¬
bule guarded by sphinxes, and
with floor of mosaic laid in
Egyptian figures. Flanking
the portico are massive columns supporting a gallery, whence pillars extend to the entablature, above which is a
triangular crown. The interior is in keeping with the external aspect, the friezes, wainscotings, and staircases
grotesque with conventional emblems, with heads of beast and bird. While to the building as a building no
exception can be taken, an exhibition of modern art would appear somewhat out of place in this Egyptian
temple, with its pyramidal roof and walls as yellow as the sands of Nile.
In the central hall is most of the statuary, the chambers adjoining being mainly devoted to water colors,
and the oil paintings contained in the five compartments of the annex. All branches of art are included in the
display and among the works are many from artists of repute in all the principal nations represented at the
Columbian Exposition, some of them still alive and some who live only in their canvases. Corot and Daubigny
are here, with Jules Dupre, Troyon, Henner, and Claude Monet. Of the Russian school there are Makovsky
and others, and from Poland comes almost intact the collection of the society of Polish artists. England,
and Canada, Italy, Spain, and Germany also find expression in these galleries. Of American painters there
are several who rank among the great masters of their craft, while of the California display it need only be
said that it is the best exhibition of local art ever gathered in a single collection.
Horticulture and agriculture are prominent features at the Midwinter Fair, and in these departments are
also included dairying, forestry, fisheries, fish products, and pisciculture, with other branches for which no
separate structures were provided. For the housing of the various collections a single roomy edifice, designed
by Samuel Newsom, with Emory E. Smith as chief of department, was erected in the style of architecture
characteristic of the pastoral era, with low, massive walls of dull yellow tint, deeply arched entrances, and shady
porticos inviting to repose. A glass covered dome 100 feet in diameter surmounts the central rotunda, and
around it are smaller domes, with towers above the principal entrance and over the eastern end. The decorations
of the building are more suggestive of its purposes than the building itself; for though an excellent combination
of mission architecture, it is filled with products such as were never raised on California soil until long after
the missionary era.
A SECTION OF THE HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL BUILDING
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
985
MECHANICAL ARTS BUILDING
In the centre of the rotunda is a striking display of fruits from Fresno county, arranged in architectural
forms and surrounded by agricultural groups from other counties. In a court adjoining is a classified array of
vegetables, with a Ferris wheel constructed of oranges, and in adjacent sections are exhibits of tobacco, of
California, Spanish, and Portuguese wines, and of malt and spirituous liquors. Here also are beef extracts and
other food products, while from the San Francisco produce exchange comes a choice display of grain. In the
southwest wing is a large assortment of dressed meats and agricultural implements, beyond which is a model
fish hatchery from Mendocino county. The main floor is covered with avenues of booths and pavilions, inter¬
spersed with trees and flowering plants, each exhibitor striving to surpass all others in beauty of design and
decoration. On the floors above is an endless display of fruits and flowers and forest growth, including the
collections of the state boards of horticulture and sericulture. Here is the most attractive portion of the building,
and perhaps of the Fair; for in these galleries the interblending of foliage with floral effects, of stately palms,
of ferns and vines and broad-leafed plants, gives to them the aspect, perfume, and color of a spacious and
richly stocked conservatory.
The hall of Mechanical Arts, with Edmund R. Swain as its artificer, is fashioned so far as conditions
would permit in the style of an Indian temple, its external aspect in contrast with the whirl of machinery, the
models of railroads and steamboats, and the electric appliances contained within; nor is the effect improved by
the boiler-house in rear, with the smokestacks of its furnaces in close proximity to lofty pinnacles, prayer-towers,
and gilded kiosks. Nevertheless it is a pleasing composition, well conceived and skilfully worked out to
completion. Its most striking feature is the richly colored entrance-way, in the form of a pavilion with
pyramidal roof, and flanked with stately minarets. At the corners are large octagonal towers, the spaces
between them and the main portal being pierced with arched openings and the whole exterior aglow with
tasteful ornamentation.
Subject to the direction of A. M. Hunt, as chief of department, the groups were classified and arranged
under the divisions of machinery; mines, mining, and metallurgy; transportation, railways, vessels, and vehicles;
electricity and electrical appliances. In the ’centre of the main floor, surrounded by a circle of pumps, are two
large tanks, into one of which are discharged the waters of a miniature cataract, illumined at night by electric
lights. At the southern end are the engines and dynamos which furnish light and power to the buildings; in
the western and northeast sections is the lighter machinery, and to the right of the main entrance are the
electrical exhibits, including that of the General Electric company, near which is the display of Germany and
986
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
France, and across the aisle that of Great Britain. The mining exhibits of California, arranged by counties,
occupy a large poition of the main floor, and here is a most elaborate display of the mineral wealth of the
state, the list including 35 varieties, of some of which there are countless specimens. In the centre is a large
gilded globe resting on a pedestal upheld by granite columns and surmounted by a grizzly bear. In this sphere
is illustrated California s total yield of gold, and if made of that metal it would represent a value of $1,300,000,000.
On a commanding location near the Horticultural building is the home of Southern California, approached
from the central court through an avenue lined with orange and palm trees. Erected by the Southern
California Midwinter Fair association for the use of several counties, its contents are worthy of what has been
termed the Mediterranean region of the Pacific coast, where are raised nearly all the products of Italy, Greece,
and Spain. In the centre of the main floor are the exhibits of Los Angeles county, a feature in which is an
oriental arch built of oranges and surmounted by an elephant, life-size and fashioned of walnuts. In rear of
this is a walnut tower that did duty at the Columbian Exposition, a ton of nuts being used in its construction.
On the left is a mammoth ear of corn covered with 45 bushels of grain in the cob; in the foreground is a
pyramid of oranges from Pasadena, and behind it a tower of olive oil from Pomona, with tables between these
structural groups on which are arranged the citrus fruits of other sections. Dried fruits are also grouped in
artistic designs; from prominent vintners and viticulturists come 1,000 bottles of wine, and there is a model
farm with orange grove and field of alfalfa, illustrating old fashioned and modern methods of irrigation.
Ventura, county has a pagoda of beans in 83 varieties, with a choice array of fruits, almonds, and honey.
The exhibits of San Bernardino and Riverside are in keeping with their reputation as among the great citrus
belts of the state, the former having also wheat and wine with beet sugar from the Chico factory and mineral
specimens from scores of mines, while Riverside, in addition to her Ferris wheel and pyramid of oranges, has
peaches, prunes, and apricots, appearing to the best advantage during the term of the Southern citrus fair,
opened in this building on the 20th of February. San Diego has her Silver Gate warehouse composed of many
varieties of dried fruits and grains, with cereals in sheaf and windows of honey, jellies, and wines. The archway
is handsomely decorated in seeds and grains; there are columns of olive oil and lemons, and near by is an
abundance of citrus fruits, the interior walls being hung with pampas plumes, photographs, and paintings in
oil. 1 here is also a display of mounted animals and birds, and of food fish more than 100 descriptions. In
THE HOME OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
987
the gallery of the main building are a
woman’s department and an art exhibit,
with parlors, offices, an assembly hall, and
committee and reading rooms.
Northern and Central California
erected for the housing of their collective
exhibits a commodious structure near the
Administration building, of no special order
of architecture and intended for utility rather
than display. The interior is richly deco¬
rated with floral embellishments, its contents
consisting largely of fruits, grains, and min¬
erals, a feature in which is the exhibit of
the Northern citrus fair in competition with
that of Southern California. Oranges by
tens of thousands are arranged in attract¬
ive forms, with other fruits, green, dried,
canned, and bottled, and with choice as¬
sortments of vegetables. Cereals are also
grouped in many devices; in a figure of
Ceres, in the form of a woman, and in the
shape of a gigantic ear composed of many
thousands of ears. And so with wine, of
which there is a mammoth bottle fashioned
of several hundred bottles, while one of the
counties has a fountain flowing with wine.
Of manufactures there are excellent samples,
and in a word all the leading industries and
resources of California, north of the Golden
Gate, are here represented; but as these
exhibits are culled from eleven counties, they
cannot be described in detail.
Several of the counties erected pavilions of their own, first among which may be mentioned that of
Alameda, a handsome structure of oriental design and appearing to excellent advantage on its prominent site
to the south of the Administration building. In front of the main entrance is a garden of semi-tropical plants;
from the gallery is access to a roof garden, and the exhibiting space in the central court is well stocked with
the productions of one of the most favored sections of California. Santa Clara displays her wealth of fruits
and other products in a neat, rectangular edifice, its towers draped with flags and its cream-white color in
contrast with the surrounding foliage. San
Mateo’s building is of the mission order,
and its contents in keeping with the reputa¬
tion of that county as a horticultural dis¬
trict. San Joaquin has a tasteful pavilion
of cruciform shape, its central dome en¬
circled with a balcony and capped with a
graceful cupola. Worthy of note are the
floral decorations of its interior, and espe¬
cially of the main aisle, which is one mass
of flowers and plants. Manufactures are the
principal feature in the exhibits, though the
products of farm, orchard, and vineyard are
well represented. Monterey, whose history
antedates the landing of the pilgrim fathers,
finds expression in one of the quaint farm
buildings of a century ago, where, in addi¬
tion to the fruits of the soil, are relics of
mission days. In Santa Barbara’s pyra¬
midal structure olives and olive oil are
among the principal groups, and in the
centre is reproduced the obelisk, framed of
oranges, which attracted so much attention
at the Columbian Fair. Humboldt erected
ANOTHER SECTION OF THE BUILDING
LOS ANGELES COUNTY IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BUILDING
988
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
an unpretentious edifice constructed entirely of native woods and stocked with lumber, grain, and fruits. Tulare
has, in place of a separate building, a model irrigated farm with growing crops, forming a unique and novel
feature among the county exhibits.
The states adjoining California on the north and east have also their separate buildings at the Fair,
others being represented chiefly in the main departments. Oregon has a handsome structure in the most populous
part of the grounds, well stored with exhibits which, except for semi-tropical fruits, include nearly all the classes
displayed by California. Prominence is given to manufactures, in which Oregon rivals her southern sister,
though here is sufficient proof, if proof were needed, of her wondrous fertility of soil. Nevada has an edifice
of the mission order, the contents of which at once dispel the popular illusion that silver and sagebrush are the
principal products of the state. For the first time, outside her own boundaries, Nevada has given adequate
expression to her resources, showing that she is rich in the yield of her farms as well as in that of her mines.
There are deciduous fruits of many varieties and of excellent quality, while from the floral decorations it will
be seen that California is not the only clime “where the Junes and Decembers meet.”
Foreign residents of California have shown their interest in the Fair by erecting structures characteristic
of their native land. As headquarters for British visitors was built, near the home of San Joaquin county,
THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA BUILDING
tt. ." VoT Nirr -- T ~ r ■ - -
imMi^
“Anne Hathaway’s cottage,” with thatched roof, projecting gables, and the tiniest of windows, all as in the
original at Stratford-on-Avon. It is a quaint and restful piece of architecture, and not inappropriate to the part
which it plays at an international exposition; for Shakespeare belongs not to England alone but to all the
world. Nestling among the trees and in neighborly proximity is the Canadian domicile, resembling an old-
fashioned country house, comfortably furnished and tastefully decorated, its walls hung with portraits of statesmen
and with paintings, etchings, and engravings of picturesque and historic scenes. To Servia, Roumania, and
Montenegro belongs the largest and most ornate of the national pavilions, with features adopted from the public
buildings of all the three, and with strong traces of Russian treatment. The Italian edifice is of classic
architecture, a simple structure but handsome in its simplicity, and mainly used for purposes of recreation, for
music, dancing, and other pastimes in which Italians delight.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
989
In this connection may
be mentioned Festival hall, at
the western extremity of the
grounds, intended for amuse¬
ments and public gatherings,
and with recreation grounds
adjacent. It is a rectangular
building, with spacious arches
and stairways, flat-roofed and
surmounted by a glass-covered
superstructure. On the main
floor is an assembly hall which,
with its surrounding galleries,
affords seating capacity for
6,000 persons, the stage being
60 feet wide and flanked with
tiers of boxes. Elsewhere are
the offices of the management,
with accommodation for the
concessionaires and for the
Midwinter Fair guards. Here
concerts and other entertain¬
ments are given, and by Sousa’s,
the Iowa, and Exposition bands
are open air concerts, the latter
inclement weather in the Manufactures or Horticultural buildings. Here also it was at first intended
congresses assembled in the city of San Francisco, the subjects considered
finance, religion, temperance, education, literature, art, and music.
ALAMEDA COUNTY'S PAVILION
held during
to hold the sessions of the various
including politics, economics, labor,
There is no Midway plaisance at the Fair; but scattered throughout the grounds are many things which
remind us of this inviting feature in the
Columbian Exposition, while of both ex¬
positions it may be said that to their
supplementary attractions, their Midway
spectacles, their music, fireworks, illumi¬
nations, and special days of festivity and
celebration, was due at least two thirds
of the total attendance. At the former
there are outside exhibits which found no
place at Jackson park, and among the
most interesting is the mining camp of
’49. It is a typical camp of the olden
days, with its row of shanties on either
side of the street, its stores, stage office,
and hotel, its dance hall, saloon, and
gambling resort, with all the adjuncts of
pioneer civilization, but with neither church
nor school-house. In these days there
were no children in California, and as for
divine service, it was conducted at times
in the saloon, with results much more
satisfactory, so far as the collection was
concerned, than at the fashionable sanc¬
tuary of modern times. Other distinctive
features are the Oregon hydraulic mining
exhibit and the Colorado gold mine, the
latter reproducing in miniature the work¬
ings of the Saratoga mine in Gilpin county.
The Chinatown of the Midwinter
Fair includes a temple or Joss house, a
theatre with its endless performances, a
tea house where the beverage is served
WINE PRESS STATUE
990
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
IN THE SAN MATEO COUNTY BUILDING
with sweetmeats on square ebony tables, a court redolent with the oppressive odors of Chinese plants, and a
number of booths where are gilded carvings, silk-embroidered robes, furniture inlaid with mother-of-pearl, and
other manufactures of wondrous design and workmanship. On the opposite side of the central court, enclosed
with a bamboo fence, is the Japanese village, with its theatre, acrobats, and dancing girls, its restaurant and
tea house, its lake and waterfall and landscape garden. The street in Cairo is here, complete in every detail,
though differing in many respects from the one in Jackson park and from the Rue du Caire at Paris in 1889.
Within the principal entrance is a bazaar with more than three score booths aglow with jewelled weapons,
filagree work, and fabrics warm of hue. Near by are a Turkish cafe with luxurious appointments, and a
restaurant where are served all manner of dishes on tables placed beneath the trees. There are mosques with
fantastic domes and stately spires and minarets; there are two theatres, in one of which are performed the
sword dance and the repulsive danse du ventre; there are the familiar groups of Arabs, Egyptians, Soudanese,
and Nubians; there are camels, donkeys, and donkey boys, and finally there is the wedding procession, resembling
the one already described in these pages. In the Hawaiian village, in addition to the cyclorama of the volcano
of Kilauea, as represented at the Columbian Exposition, are the throne and uniform of the late king of Hawaii,
with the furniture and equipments of his palace, relics of by-gone days, and many forms of native manufacture.
Islanders in white flannel suits and island lasses in gay apparel are chatting and sauntering around the plaza,
and in front of primitive huts of plaited grass and ferns stalks the gigantic ox “Apalahama,” astride of which
is a woman with bifurcated skirt of spotted calico. Ceylon has a court and tea garden transplanted from the
Chicago Fair, as was also the Dahomean settlement. In the Eskimo village is shown how the natives of
Labrador, men, women, children, and dogs, live in their hyperborean clime in cone-shaped huts of snow, so
far at least as the effect can be produced by liberal coatings of whitewash. In contrast with this is the
Arizona village, whose denizens are skilled in simple forms of manufacture, as in the making of baskets from
native grasses so closely woven as to hold water, and in the weaving of blankets on the most antiquated looms,
yet rich in color and extremely durable. Their cabins are of mesa grass, with sloping roofs and long gourd
chimneys in the shape of an inverted tripod. In another Indian village—that of Doctor White Cloud—are
Sioux warriors and squaws, among them several who took part in the battle on the Rosebud, where Custer
met his fate.
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
991
Europe is also represented in the Midway features of the Fair. There is a German village in which
Heidelberg castle, with its store of ancient weapons, pictures, and furniture, looms above peaked and gable-
roofed cottages nestling around its base. There are old-fashioned German shops; there are skittles and ten pins,
with fun and frolic in every form, and there is the inn of “The Golden Bear,” where he who is so inclined
may enjoy his beer and pipe in company with the broad-girthed citizens of the Fatherland. Covering some
two acres near the Manufactures building is the prater or park, with its shady avenues, fountains, and flower¬
beds, a miniature reproduction of the site on which was held the Vienna Exposition of 1873. In the concert
hall are performances conducted by the musical director of the imperial court of Austria, and on special nights
are garden fetes and other entertaiments. A further attraction is the plaintive music of the gypsy chorus in
the Hungarian csarda or inn, noted for its excellent wines and repasts.
On the route of the Scenic railway are shifting glimpses of scenery, the line passing through a natural
cavern, the walls of which are illuminated with flashes of electric light in various colors. The Firth wheel is
to the Midwinter what the Ferris wheel was to the Columbian Exposition, but on a smaller scale, and, as is
claimed, with certain improvements in mechanical device. The foundation for the piers is formed of more than
700 tons of rock and cement, and the supports and bearings are capable of withstanding a much greater strain
SUGGESTIONS OF THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE
than any to which they are subjected. The wheel is 100 feet in diameter and 50 additional feet are gained by
the height of the foundation and the natural elevation of the site. From the windows of the 16 cars, each
holding ten persons, is a kaleidoscopic view of the Fair, and of surpassing beauty is the effect by nGht’ when
buildings and grounds stand forth in tracery of fire.
In the illumination of the Fair the electric tower is the principal feature; for here is one of the most
powerful search-lights in the world, its comet-like rays distinctly visible more than 50 miles at sea. Soon after
nightfall the electric fountain begins to play; at a given signal the lamps are extinguished, and an instant later
the flash of the search-light is turned on the gilded dome of the Administration building, which hangs like a
ball of gold suspended m air, its apparent height increased by the darkness which enshrouds the structure
eneath. Then in succession the rays are turned on the pinnacles, towers, and facades of each of the principal
edifices, or sweeping the horizon, cast their sheen afar on the waters of the Pacific. Presently the arc and
992
THE BOOK OF THE FAIR
incandescent lamps are relighted, accentuating as with meridian splendor the graceful proportions of the buildings
grouped like enchanted palaces around the central court
And here in her dazzling robes of light we will take our leave of the Sunset City, the City of Palms, the
Midwinter Fair. While other international expositions have been the outcome of years of preparation at a cost
running far into the millions, here was what may be termed an impromptu display of what California could do
on the briefest notice and with
the smallest possible means.
Most creditable were the re¬
sults achieved, and the more
so that nothing better than
county or local fairs had thus
far been attempted. Moreover
it was a season of financial
straitness; there was no
government, state, or other
public aid, and by capitalists
the project was at first declared
to be neither practicable nor
desirable. As to the benefits
of the Fair, its educational and
commercial benefits, its bene¬
fits as an advertising medium,
an efficacious and dignified ad¬
vertisement, inviting to the
Pacific coast the class of im¬
migration which it needs, as
uniting all sections of the coast
in fraternal sympathy and
friendly cooperation, as bring¬
ing them into closer relations
with foreign lands and with
other portions of their own land, these are influences which cannot as yet be estimated. A quarter of a century
hence, let us say, when at San Francisco or Portland a great international exposition shall be held amid one
of the most cultured and prosperous communities in the world, men may look back to the gathering in Golden
Gate park in this year of 1894 as the inauguration of an era such as never before was witnessed by the young
and ambitious commonwealths of the further west.
ONE OF THE MIDWAY ATTRACTIONS
Midwinter Fair Miscellany. —In all respects save one the
Midwinter Fair was a success, and that was from a financial point
of view, though gate and other receipts were fully as large as had
been expected. With the comparatively small amount subscribed
in sums ranging from $1 to several thousands of dollars, the
results accomplished were most remarkable, the entire cost of
buildings, grounds, and operating and other expenses being less
than that of the hall of Manufactures and Liberal Arts at the
Columbian Exposition. The largest buildings were erected in a
very few months, and others in a few weeks, a few days sufficing
for the construction of the smaller edifices. The attendance
suffered from business depression and inclement weather during a
portion of the term; but all who visited the Fair were pleased,
and those who came from afar were surprised at this exhibition
of the manifold resources and industries of the Pacific coast, for
the first time grouped in combination and on an adequate scale.
Festivities and celebrations were as numerous at the Mid¬
winter as at the Columbian Exposition, nearly every day of its
term, Sundays of course excepted, being set apart for some state,
county, nationality, or organization, or in honor of some historical
event. In connection with the Fair was an emergency hospital,
with physicians in attendance day and night, and an ambulance
service fully equipped and always in readiness. The Midwinter
Fair guard was enrolled as a special police force under military
discipline, and organized by Colonel W. R. Shafter of the regu¬
lar army.
Worthy of note among the incidents of the Midwinter Fair is
the so-called “ battle of roses,” in which many counties participated,
Alameda being especially prominent. A procession made the tour
of the grounds, and there were floats covered with roses and car¬
riages and horses decked with roses, all passing beneath arches
wreathed with roses, erected at various points.
Among other Midway attractions not mentioned in the text is
Boone’s wild animal arena, where a lion standing in a chariot,
with reins between his teeth, is drawn around the ring by a pair
of tigers; a wolf is made to jump through a hoop, and goats,
pigs, dogs, and cats are trained to their several tricks. In the
Santa Barbara amphibion sea-lions and sea-otter are kept in a huge
salt-water tank, whence they climb the steps and come flounder¬
ing on the floor for the fish which their keeper offers. There is
an ostrich farm or paddock in which it may be seen how a
prominent industry of Southern Africa can be turned to advantage
in California, where experiments have thus far proved unprofitable.
Housed in a handsome pavilion is a group of St Bernard dogs,
with 35 noble specimens from the Waldenberg kennels near Basle,
one of them valued at $20,000. In the Electric theatre is shown
how electricity can be used for scenic effects. A weird exhibition
is the Inferno, entered between the jaws of a dragon’s head, with
its burning lakes, its bottomless pits, and other suggestions of an
imaginary place of torment. In the Moorish mystic maze the
visitor enters a series of narrow corridors walled with mirrors so
placed as to produce countless reflections of himself and to trans¬
form an individual into a ghostly multitude. The effect is be¬
wildering as well as ludicrous; for once within there is no apparent
outlet, and nothing to be seen except for the figure of a woman
illusive as a desert mirage. Other attractions are the “ haunted
swing ” and a clever illusion in “ Egyptian hall,” where a marble
statue of Pharaoh’s daughter, perfectly modeled and draped, is
gradually transformed into a living woman, who descending from
her pedestal gives assurance to the audience that she is alive.
INDEX
Note.— As other world’s fairs are briefly described in these pages, apart from that which forms the subject proper of the work,
it will be understood that when not otherwise stated or inferred, the index references relate to the Columbian Exposition. The index
has been prepared with a view to enable the subscriber to turn in a moment to anything he wishes to read. Thus if he would know
what the city of Boston, the state of Colorado, or the empire of Germany has sent to the Fair, he will find reference made under
the headings of “ Boston,” “ Colorado,” and “ Germany,” to all their more important exhibits. If he would refer to some section in one of
the main divisions, as in the Agricultural or Fine Arts departments, he will find the exhibits classified by nationalities under “Agriculture”
and “ Fine Arts.” And so with exhibitors and that which they exhibit, mention being made of individuals, associations, and groups
or articles, with cross references covering the entire Exposition as described in The Book of the Fair. The names of exhibiting artists
and of those who took part in the Congress Auxiliary are omitted, as they are several thousand in number.
A
Abbey & Imbrie, exhibit of fishing-
rods, 124, 134.
Aberdeen, Lady, on English com¬
mittee, 72; Irish village, 836-7.
Aberdeen, Lord, visit etc. of, 971.
Ackerman, W. K.. financial report,
959 -
Acme Cement Plaster Company,
508.
Adams Express Company, 840.
Adams & Westlake Company, rail¬
road supplies etc. 569.
Adler & Sullivan, architects of
Transportation building, 544.
Administration Department build¬
ing and uses, 59, 129-33; func¬
tions and branches, 133; Midwin¬
ter Fair, 983.
Aerial Navigation Congress, 942.
Africa, commerce and fairs of, 6.
African Congress, 944-6.
Agassiz Association, exhibits in
natural history, 651.
Agra, exposition at, 1867, 27.
Agricultural Colleges and Experi¬
ment Stations, U. S. collective
exhibits, 361-2; Canadian exhib¬
its, 364.
Agricultural Congresses, 953-5.
Agricultural Department, building,
decorations, distribution of space,
etc.,58, 341-3; scope and arrange-
ments of exhibits, 343-4; 347;
U. S. display, 347-62; British,
362-5; Canadian, 365; Australian,
365-7; Cape Colony, 367-8; Cin¬
galese, 368; French, 368-71: Al¬
gerian, 371; German, 371-2; Aus¬
trian, 371-2; Russian, 372-3; Gre¬
cian, 373; Dutch, 375; Swedish,
375; Danish, 375; Spanish, 375;
Porto Rican, 375; Trinidad, 375;
Cuban, 376; Mexican, 376; Bra¬
zilian, 376; Argentinian, 376;
Paraguay, 376-7; Ecuador, 377;
Uruguay, 377; Japanese, 377-8;
Curacoa, 378; British Guiana, 378
-g; Johore, 379; Persian, 379-81;
Liberian, 381; Orange Free State,
382: Siam, 382; Dairy building,
products, and tests, 391-7; Mid¬
winter Fair, 983-4.
Agricultural Implements, U. S. ex¬
hibit, 120-1. 383-7; Canadian,
365; Cingalese, 368.
Agriculture, government exhibit,
125-6, 134-5: condition, yield,
etc., U. S. 344-7.
Alabaster, Italian exhibit of, 495.
Alameda County, exhibit, Cal. build¬
ing, 833; at Midwinter Fair, g86.
Alaska, collection from, 123; eth¬
nological exhibits, 640, 663.
Albro Company, exhibit of woods,
45 <k
Alexander, Duke, visit etc. of, 971.
Alger, R. A., at Mich, dedication
day, 833.
Algeria, exhibits in Agricultural de¬
partment, 371.
Algerian and Tunisian Village, 876-7.
Allis-Corliss Engine, description of,
311,40.
Alloway, R.. exhibit of horses etc.,
616.
Altgeld, Gov., at Penn, day, 777.
Aluminium, exhibits, 504-5.
“American Angler,” collection of
paintings, 540.
American Bankers’Association, con¬
vention of, 930-2.
American Bell Telephone Company,
pavilion and exhibits, 411-13.
American Bible Society, exhibit, 254.
American Bronze Company,exhibits,
169.
American Cotton Oil Company, ex¬
hibit, 382-3.
American Express Company, pre¬
mium tor wagons, 624.
American Jersey Cattle Club, dairy
stock, 395-6.
American Net Twine Company, ex¬
hibit, 515.
American Steam Barge Company,
exhibit etc., 603.
Amesbury, Mass, exhibit of vehicles.
Amsden, C. H., at N. H. dedication
day, 786.
Amsterdam, expositions at, 19-20;
chocolate house, 375.
Andersen, Plans C., relics, 213.
Anderson, A. D., Exposition plans
of. 37 -
Andrews, A., director of Midwinter
Fair, 976.
Andrews,E. B.,speech, R. I. day,782.
Angling apparatus, exhibit of, 513,
528, 540-1.
Angora Goats, exhibits etc. of, 621.
“Anne Hathaway’s Cottage” at Mid¬
winter Fair, 987.
Anschuetz, O., exhibit of tachys-
copes, 863.
Ansonia Clock Company, exhibits,
156. 4 2 3 -
Anthropological and Ethnological
Department, divisions, plan and
purpose, 629-33; Grecian statuary
and sculptures, 633; Mexican ex¬
hibits^ 634; U. S. 634-5, 640-53;
Canadian, 635; Central American,
636; Peruvian, 636; Ecuador, 637;
Brazilian,637, 651-3; Costa Rican,
637; British Guiana, 637-8; Para¬
guay, 637-9; New Zealand, 639;
New South Wales, 639: New Cal¬
edonia, 639; collections in La
Rabida, monastery, 655-62; from
Hindostan, 662-3.
Antimony, exhibits of, 485, 492-3,
496, 504.
Antonio, Prince, visit of, 971,
Apollo Club, concerts, 967.
Appleton & Co., exhibit of, 254.
Aquaria, description of, 513-15.
Aquatic Plants, display of. 434.
Arabia, fairs of, 6-7.
Arbitration and Peace Congress,
943 - 4 -
Arc Lamps and Lighting Apparatus,
Thomson-Houston, 406; German,
414.
Architectural Congress, 942-3.
Architecture, U. S. designs, 689—90;
French, 696-7, 709; British, 727;
German, 729, 733.
Argentine Republic, participation in
naval review, 93-4, 98; exhibits
of manufactures, 217; agricult¬
ural, 376; forest products etc. 463;
minerals, 497.
Arizona, forest products, 456; min¬
ing, 487; territorial building and
exhibits, 832; village at Midwinter
Fair, g8g.
Arkansas, fruit exhibits, 442; min¬
ing. 477; state building and ex¬
hibits, 795-6.
Arkell, P., exhibit of sheep, etc. 623.
Armour & Co., exhibits in Agricult¬
ural department, 382.
Armour, G., president of Chicago
Art institute, 35.
Armstrong, Mitchell & Co., model of
the “Victoria,” etc. 593-4.
Art Congress, 942-3.
Art Metal Work, British exhibits,
182-4; Hindostan, 186; German,
197-8; Austrian, 203; Norwegian,
211-3; Japanese, 222-3; Swedish,
905 -
Art Needle-work, exhibits in Wo¬
man’s department, 289-90.
Art Students’ League, N. Y. exhibit
°f. 255-6.
Astronomical Congress, 947.
Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Rail¬
road, exhibit of, 570.
Athens, exhibition at, 1859, 20.
Atlantic Transport Line, models of
the, 595.
Atwood, C. B., architect of Art
building, etc. 65, 451, 668.
Australia, horticultural and forestry
exhibits, 430-4, 452; wines, 438;
fruits, 439-40, 443; forest prod¬
ucts, 460-1; fishing industries
and exhibits, 532-4; fine arts,
728-9, 800.
Australia House, its contents and
design, 900-1.
Austria, fairs and exposition in, 18-
19; exhibits of manufactures,
201-7; liberal arts, 231, 250,
woman’s department, 282; ma¬
chinery, 338; agricultural, 371-2;
electrical, 416, 422; wines, 438;
mining, 495; railroad exhibits, 568;
fine arts, 733-5.
Austrian Village, 871-3.
Awards, 83, 628, 964-5.
B
Badlam, A., treasurer of Midwinter
Fair, 976.
Bailey, C. P., premiums awarded to,
621.
Baird, Professor, his classification
of exhibits, etc. 107.
Baker, A. C., superintendent of ma¬
rine division, etc. 604-5.
Baker, Sir B., his model of railroad
bridge, 564.
Baker, W. T., a promoter of the
Columbian Exposition, 41, 46-7.
Balke-Collender Company, exhibits,
163.
Ball, Mrs. J. F., lady manager, etc.
800.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, engines,
551-2, 561.
Ballinasloe, fairs at, 8.
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, exhibits,
etc. 547 - 51 -
Bancroft Library, description of the,
980-3.
Banjos, exhibits of, 331.
Barber Asphalt Company, exhibit,
508.
Barbour, Mrs., concerts arranged
by, 967.
Barcelona, exhibits in Manufactures
department, 215.
Barnes, Grand Chancellor, Knights
of Pythias celebration, 970.
Barnes, W. H. L., connection with
Midwinter Fair, 976.
Bates, Mary C., decorator, California
building, 833.
Bavaria, manufactures exhibits, ig8
-200; German village, 858.
Bay City Industrial Works, exhibit,
604.
Beale, Mrs. L. P., member of Va.
board, 800.
Bean, T. H., manager of fisheries
section, 134.
Beaucaire, fairs at, 13.
Beauvais Tapestries, exhibits of,
188.
Beck, J. M., speech on Pa. day, 777.
Bedouin Camp, 877, 880.
Beer, Ale, Porter, etc, see Liquors,
M alt.
Belgium, fairs and expositions in,
19-20; manufactures exhibits, 207
-9; liberal arts, 250; woman's de¬
partment, 283; machinery, 338;
horticultural, 434, 447-9; fine arts,
6 94 , 735 -
Bell, A. G., first telephone made by,
4 r 3 -
Beloit Iron Works, exhibit, 323.
Belting, exhibits of, 419.
Beman, S. S., architect of Mines
building, 65.
Bengal Chamber of Commerce, ex¬
hibit, 901.
Bennett, J. G., founder of commer¬
cial cable company, 420.
Bergbau, exhibit in Transportation
department, 567.
Bergen, fisheries exhibit, 526-7.
Berlin, exhibition of drawing imple¬
ments at, 1870, 18; machinery ex
Mbits, 331-2; electrical, 413-14;
mining, 489.
Berlin Museum, relics from, 861.
Berry, F. G., director of Midwinter
Fair, 976.
Bethlehem Iron Company, exhibit,
600.
Bicycles, display of, 577-8, 581-2.
Bicycle Electric Cars, exhibit of, 570.
Billiard Tables, exhibit of, 183, 217.
Birkhoff, G., Netherlands day, gig.
Birmingham, exposition at, 8.
Bismarck, mementos of, 888.
Blake, E., speech on Irish day, 895.
Blalock, N. G., Washington day, 828.
Blarney Castle, reproduction of, 838.
Blodgett, E. A., Grand Army day,
969.
Blooker Cocoa Company, exhibit,
397 -
Board of Lady Managers, author¬
ized by congress, 42; powers,
functions, operations, etc., 69-74;
children’s home established by,
291, 297; presentation of woman’s
work, etc. 300-2.
Board of Reference and Control,
organization and functions, 45, 69.
Bohemia, manufactures exhibits,
203-5; woman’s department, 274;
celebration day, 919.
Boies, Gov., speech on la. day, 833.
Bolivia, mining exhibits, 497.
Bolton, H. W., odd-fellows’ celebra¬
tion, 969.
Bonet Electric Tower, at Midwinter
Fair, 976,
Bonfield, J., chief of Exposition
police, 974.
Bonney, C. C., participation in con¬
gresses, 70, 922, 925, 927, 930,
932 - 3 . 939 . 948 . 95 L 953 . 955 -
993
994
INDEX
Boone & Crockett Club, hunter’s
camp, 449-40.
Boone’s Wild Animal Arena, at
Midwinter Fair, 992.
Boston, international exposition at,
1883, 27; celebration of Colum¬
bian anniversary, g8; exhibits of
musical instruments, 232; ma¬
chinery, 327; electrical apparatus,
418; fisheries, etc. 515-17; bi¬
cycles etc. 582; fine arts, 673-4,
678-90; architectural designs, 689.
Bourquin, A., premiums, 621.
Bovril Company, exhibit, 364.
Boyd, J., Jersey stock, 396.
Bradford Printing-press original of
the, 1693, 324.
Bradley, W. O., oration, Ky. dedi¬
cation day, 793.
Brazil, participation in naval re¬
view, 93-4; exhibits of manu¬
factures, 216; woman’s depart¬
ment, 282; machinery, 338; agri¬
culture, 376; forest products, 463;
minerals; 497; fisheries, 539;
transportation, 577; archaeology,
637; natural history, 651-3; fine
arts, 718, 917-8; government
building and contents, 917-8.
Brazilian day, 920.
Brazilian Concert Hall, 880.
Brinton, Mrs., log cabin, etc. 840.
British Building and exhibits, see
Victoria House.
British Carriage Manufactures In¬
stitute, collection of paintings etc.
578 - 9 -
British Columbia, exhibit of fruits,
443; forest products, 461; min¬
erals, 492; fisheries, 529-32; eth¬
nology, 663.
British Guiana, agricultural exhibits,
378-9; ethnological collection etc.
637-8.
British North Borneo Company, ex¬
hibit of tobacco etc. 364.
Bronzes, French, 188-go; German,
200; Austrian, 203; Russian, 209;
Argentinian, 217; Mexican, 218;
Japanese, 222-3; Italian, 764.
Brookfield Stud Farm, model etc. of
364 - 5 -
Brooks Locomotive Works, exhibit,
561.
Brown, A. P., Midwinter Fair archi¬
tect, 978.
Browm, Gov. F., speech on R. I. day
etc. 782, 792.
Brown, G. E., premiums, 617.
Brown, H. F., exhibit of shorthorns
etc. 620.
Brown, J., Kan. day, 833.
Brown, J. Y.,Ky. dedication day, 793.
Brussels, expositions at, 20.
Bryan, T. B., a promoter of the Co¬
lumbian Exposition etc. 39-41,
70, 920, 955.
Buchanan, W. I., chief of Agricul¬
tural department etc. 617, 6x9,
833 - 953 " 4 -
Buchanan, Mrs. W. I., model de¬
signed by, 277.
Buford, A. S., president Va. board
etc. 787, 790.
Bulgai'ia, exhibits in Manufactures
department, 218.
Bulkeley, Gov., dedication parade,
87.
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, member
of English committee etc. 72-73.
Bureau of Public Comfort, opera¬
tions of the, 81, 85.
Burgess Bros., exhibit of hoi'ses etc.
616.
Burke, ex-Gov.. N. D. day, 833.
Burleigh, H. C., Me. dedication day,
787.
Burnham, D. H., chief of construc¬
tion etc. 64-6, 943.
Burrill, T. J., educational exhibit,
805.
Business Colleges, exhibits of, 240.
Bustamaule, F. E., Venezuela day,
920.
C
Cable Cars and apparatus, 570-1.
Cacti, display of, 433-4.
Cairo, fail’s at, 6.
Caii’o Street, Columbian Exposition,
864-8; Midwinter Fair, 989.
Calcutta, exposition at, 27.
California, educational exhibits, 238;
woman’s department, 263; agricul¬
ture, 357-9, 821-2; wines, 435-8;
fruits and nuts, 440-1, 445-6;
821-2; forest products, 452, 454,
465; mining, 479-81, 488, 821-2;
fisheries, 523-4; live-stock, 621;
fine arts, 683, 820-3; state build¬
ing and exhibits, 8ig-26; horticul¬
ture, 820; relics and curiosities,
824; Cal. day, 833.
California Midwinter Exposition, see
Midwinter Exposition.
Camei’den & Forster, bronzes, 203.
Campbell, C. T., odd-fellows’ cele-
.bration, 969.
Campbell, J. L., Ind. dedication, 810.
Campbell Printing-press Manufact¬
uring Company, exhibit, 324.
Canada, manufactures exhibits, 185;
educational, 246; woman’s depart¬
ment, 276; machinery, 338; agri¬
culture, 365, 383; horticulture,
433-4. 443. 445; forest products,
452, 461; mining, 491-2; fisheries,
529-32, 541; transportation, 564-
5. 573. 596; live-stock, 620-1,
624-8; archaeology, 634; fine arts,
727-8; government building and
contents, 898; Dominion day, 898-
900; Midwinter Fair, 987.
Canadian Pacific Railway, exhibit,
564 - 5 -
Cannon etc., see Ordnance.
Cannon, G. Q., Ut. day, 833.
Cape Colony, exhibits in woman’s
department, 280; agriculture, 367
-8; mining, 499-500; transporta¬
tion, 598.
Cape Town, exposition at, 28.
Captive Balloon, 881.
Caravels, Columbian, at naval re¬
view, 98; voyage and description
of, 582-3..
Carlisle Indian School, exhibits, etc.
87, 256.
Carlisle, Secretary, banquet to, 97.1
Carriages etc. , see Vehicles.
Carson, H. L. at 4th of July cele¬
bration, 968.
Carson, W. M. bureau of public
comfort, 81.
Catholic Congress, 949.
Catholic Educational Exhibition,238
-9, 968.
Cattle, see Live-stock.
Cayvan, Georgia, Me. dedication
day etc. 787, 882, 922.
Census Bureau, exhibits, 119.
Cenlennial Exposition, description
of, 34 - 7 -
Central America, fairs in, 23; an¬
cient sculptui’es, 636.
Central California, exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, g86.
Centux’y Company, exhibit, 253.
Ceramic Wares, U. S. exhibit, 169;
British, 179-82; French, 191;
German, 197-200; Austrian, 203-
5; Belgian, 207; Danish, 213;
Italian, 215; Spanish, 215; Bra¬
zilian, 216; Chinese, 220-1; Jap¬
anese, 222—3.
Cereals, production and exhibits of,
U. S. 345-61, 388, 801-3, 821-2;
British, 362-3; Canadian, 365;
Australian, 366-7; Cape Colony,
368; French. 369; Austrian, 371;
Russian, 372; Spanish, 375; Mex¬
ican, 376; Ui’ugay, 377; Javanese,
388; Midwinter Fair exh’s, 975-7.
Ceylon, manufacturers exhibits, 136;
woman’s department, 282; agri¬
cultural, 368; transportation, 579;
Ceylon court, 903; tea-garden etc.
at Midwinter Fair, 989.
Chaillu, Paul du, visit etc. of, 883.
Chambers, R. C.,president Ut.board,
832.
Champagne, ancient fairs of, 12.
Chancellor, W. N., W. Va repre¬
sentation, 791.
Chandler Mine, model of the, 476.
Charities and Correction, bureau of,
649-50.
Cheese, Butter, etc., see Dairy Pro¬
ducts.
Chemists' Congress, 946-7.
Cheney, Mrs. V., design in Cal.
building, 822.
Chester, E. E., educational exhibit,
825.
Chicago, historical sketch of, 29-36;
manufactures exhibits, 165, 168-
71; liberal arts, 232, 254; machin¬
ery, 316, 323-8, 385-7, 501; elec¬
trical apparatus, 423; wooden
ware, etc., 456; mining, 505; fish
products etc., 521-3; boats, 539;
angling outfits, etc., 540-1; rail¬
road supplies, 569; bicycles etc.,
581; draft horses, 624; charities
and correction, 650; contribu¬
tions to Midwinter Fair, 975-6;
Chicago Art Institute, description
of, 35; exhibit etc. 225; con¬
gresses held in, 74, 921.
Chicago Day, celebration of, 808-10.
Chicago Fly-casting Club, exhibits
and tournament, 540-1.
Chicago Horticultural Society, floral
exhibition, 973.
Chicago Iron Works, mining ma¬
chinery etc. 500.
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad,
exhibit, 560.
Chicago Woman’s Club, quarters,
etc. in woman’s department, 284.
Children’s Home, creation and pur¬
poses of, 73-4; exhibits, etc. 291-
3 °o.
Chile, mineral exhibits, 497.
China, exhibits of manufactures,
220-1.
Chinaware, exhibits, 179-82, 191.
Chinese Village, Columbian Exposi¬
tion, 873-6. Midwinter Fair, 988-
89.
Christian, King, silver statue of, 213.
Christian Moerlein Brewery, exhibit,
387-
“Christopher Columbus,” whaleback
steamer, 603.
Churchill, Lady, member of English
committee, 72.
Cincinnati, Columbian anniversary
in, 98; woman’s department, 263-4;
machinery, 314, 326-7.
Civil Engineering Congress, 939.
Clark, N.T., exhibitofhorsesetc.616.
Clarke, Mrs., concerts arranged by,
967 -
Cleaves, Gov. H. B., Me. dedication
day, 787.
Cleveland, O., electric motors etc.
4 l8 , 423 -
Cleveland, President, at opening
day, 94-7.
Cliff-Dwellers, abodes etc. of, 662.
Clocks, exhibits of, 155-56, 182, 197.
Clock Tower, in Manufactures build¬
ing, 142.
Cloisonne Ware, exhibits, 222, 763-4.
Clothing, exhibits, 161, 219, 227.
Clough, H. E., prizes for Herefords,
620.
Coal, U. S. exhibits and production,
469-88, 503, 507; German, 488-
go; British, 490-1, 508; Canadian,
492; Australian, 493; French, 493-
5; Japanese, 496; Brazilian, 497;
Argentenian, 497; Mexican, 498.
Coalport China Company, exhibits,
182.
Coast and Geodetic Survey, exhibits,
m3.
Cobb, H. I., architect of Fisheries
building, 65.
Cobun, M. W., Kan. day, 833.
Cockburn, G. R. R., Canadian com¬
missioner, etc. 898, 900.
Codman, H. S., landscape designer,
53 -
Coffee, exhibits, 382, 388, 917-18.
Coins, collections of, no—12, 653.
Cold Storage Building, contents and
burning of, 328. 339.
Colleges, exhibits of, U. S., 237-41;
German, 241.
Collins, Capt., chief of Fisheries de¬
partment, etc. 539.
Cologne, exposition at, 18.
Colombia, government building and
contents, 914-5; dedication day,
920.
Colonial Relics, exhibit of, 102.
Colorado, educational exhibits, 238;
agriculture, 360; fruits, 442, 446;
forest products, 455-6; mining,
486-8; archaeology, 634; state
building and contents, 830; re-
soux’ces and development, 830-1.
Colorado Gold Mine, Columbian Ex¬
position, 840-1; Midwinter Fair,
988.
Columbian Anniversary, celebration
etc. of, 98.
Columbian Exposition, projects for
the, 37-8; contest for location,
39-40, 50; congressional and
municipal action, 39-43, 46-7;
national commission, 42, 69-70,
972; board of lady' managers, 42,
69, 74, 973; foreign and state
appropriations, 43, 51; depart¬
ment of publicity and promotion,
43-4. 5i; site, 44, 47, 57; board
of reference and control, 45, 69;
council of administration, 46, 6g;
finances, 46-7, 50, 81-2, 959-60,
972; construction, 49-51, 58-68,
90-1; sketch of grounds and build¬
ings, 52-68; means of communica¬
tion, 57, 58-9; allotments of space,
63-4; artificers, 64-7; manage¬
ment, 68, 74, 77, 80, 84, 972;
regulations, 77-8; traffic depart¬
ment, 78-9; fire and police, 79, 85,
974; Columbian guards, 79-80, 84;
hospitals, 80, 974; restaurants,
etc. 80-1, 974; Sunday closing,
83-4; music and concerts, 84,
966-8; dedication, 86-90; naval
review and parade, 91-4, 98; open¬
ing, 94-8; closing ceremonies, 956;
attendance, 956-9; destruction of
of buildings, 960-1; sale of ex¬
hibits, 964; awards and medals;
964-5; dramatic performances,
968; special celebrations, 968—70;
banquets, 970-1; lessons and influ¬
ence of the Exposition, 972-3;
tickets and passes, 973—4.
Columbian Guards, organization,
services, etc, 79-90; 84.
Columbian Liberty Bell, 968-9.
Columbian Museum, its origin, con¬
tents, etc. 965-6.
Columbian Relics and Literature,
655-61; 961.
Columbus Buggy Company, exhibit,
572 -
Comby, Major C., in charge of war
department exhibits, 104.
Commercial Cable Company, exhib¬
its etc. 420-1.
Commercial and financial congress¬
es, 930-2.
Comstock Lode, yueld etc. of the,
479 ’ 81.
Concerts, Columbian Exposition, 84,
966-8; Midwinter Fair, 988.
Concessions, control, proceeds, etc.
of, 46, 881.
Congress, action as to Columbian
Exposition, 41-3, 46-7, 74, 83, 267.
Congress Auxiliary, purposes, organ¬
ization, and proceedings,74-6, 921-
2; inaugural exercises, 97; literary
congresses, 75-6, 933-6; educa¬
tional, 76, 936-9; religious, 76,
948-53; government, 76, 943-4;
participation of women, 922; con¬
gress of representative women,
922-3; press, 923-5; medical,
925 6; social purity, 926; temper¬
ance, 926-9; moral and social re¬
form, 929; commerce and finance,
930-2; musical, 932-3; engineer-
ing, 939-42; art and architecture,
942-3; African, 944-6; science and
philosophy, 946-7; labor, 947-8;
patents, etc. 953; agriculture and
horticulture, 953-5; real estate,
955; humane and waifs’ saving,
955 -
INDEX
995
Connecticut, woman’s department,
262-3, 287; machinery, 322; agri¬
culture, 390; forest products, 455;
mining, 472; live-stock, etc.,624-5;
state building and exhibits, 779.
Constantinople, exhibition at, 20.
Conway, E. S., odd-fellows’ celebra¬
tion, 969.
Cook & Son, exhibits in transporta¬
tion department, 595-6.
Cooke Locomotive and Machine
Company, exhibit, 561.
Cooke, Mrs. S. G., services to wom¬
an’s department, 70.
Cooper, T. S., premiums, 621.
Copper and Copper Ores, U. S. ex¬
hibits, 474, 474-7. 482-81 5 ° 3 i
German, 488-g; British, 490-1;
Canadian, 492; Australian, 493;
Japanese, 496; Spanish, 497; Bra¬
zilian, 497; Cape Colony, 500.
Corea, exhibits of manufactures, 219,
Cork, exhibit of, 371.
Corn, see Cereals.
Corundum, samples of, 478.
D
Daliomean Village, 877-8, 883.
Dairy Building, description of,
391-2.
Dairy Products, Appliances, and
Tests, British, 363-4; Canadian,
365; Danish, 375; U. S. 387-97.
Daniel, J. W., oration, Va. day, 790.
Danish Sloyd Association, exhibit,
213.
Davis, G. R., services as director-
general etc., 50, 70, 77, 89, 833,
920, 971.
De Bruyn, G. J. L., manager of
Javanese village etc., 849.
Deering, W. & Co., harvesting ma¬
chinery, 387.
Delaware, agricultural exhibits, 355;
fruits, 442; state building and ex¬
hibits, 778.
De Lome, E. D., Spanish commis¬
sioner, 912.
Delphi, ancient fairs at, 6.
Denmark, exhibits of manufactures,
213; liberal arts, 250; woman's
department, 274; agriculture, 375;
fine arts, 746-8.
Depew, C. M., address on dedication
day etc., 89, 772.
“De Witt Clinton,” locomotive and
train, 555-6.
De Wolf, S., president Mont, board,
829.
DeYoung, M. H., banquet to, 971;
director-general, Midwinter Fair
etc., 974-6.
Diamond Washing, process of,
499-500.
Diamonds and Precious Stones, see
Gems.
Dickinson, J. T., secretary national
commission etc., 70, 797.
Dillingham, W. P., Vt. day, 785.
Dimock, W. D., secretary Canadian
commission 898.
Donegal Industrial Fund, exhibits
etc., 844-7, 882.
Donegal Irish village, 844-7, 882.
Douglass, F., speeches etc. of, 786,
833. 9 2 °-
Doulton & Co., pavilion and ex¬
hibits, 181.
Drawings, pastel, pen etc., U. S.
collections, 688-9; French, 7og;
Italian, 715; Mexican, 717; Brit¬
ish, 725; German, 733; Belgian,
735; Swedish, 751.
Dreer, H. A., exhibit of seeds, 445.
Dresden, exhibits of machinery,
33 ? 2.
Drummond, D., prizes awarded to,
621.
Dublin, expositions at, 12.
Dubuque, exhibit of machinery, 326.
Dulaney, W. H., at Ivy. dedication.
793 -
Duluth, mining exhibits, 475-6.
Dunedin, exposition at, 27.
Dunham, W. W., exhibits of horses
etc., 615-18.
Dunraven, Lord, exhibit of photo¬
graphs, 838.
Dusseldorf, exhibits of machinery,
329-31-
Dvorak, A., ovation, Bohemia day,
9 T 9 -
Dyche, L. L., exhibits in natural
history, 818-9.
Dyes, exhibits of, 184.
Dynamos, exhibits of, 406-7, 413.
E
Eagle, Mrs. James P., member of
Ark. board, 795.
Eagle Cotton Gin Company, ex¬
hibit, 387.
Ecuador, agricultural exhibit, 377;
mining, 497; archaeology, 637.
Edbrooke, W. J., architect of Gov¬
ernment building, 65.
Edis, Col., architect of Victoria
house, 892.
Edison, T. A., visit etc. of, 971.
Edison Manufacturing Company, ex¬
hibits, 420.
Edison Tower, description of, 406,
434 -
Education, exhibits in Government
department, 115-17; U. S. ex¬
hibits, 233-41; 256; 272-3; 277;
291-300, 805, 827, 833; German,
241-4, 282-3; British, 244-6, 275;
Canadian, 246; New South Wales,
246; French, 246-7; Russian, 248;
Austrian, 250; Italian, 250; Bel¬
gian, 250; Danish, 250; Mexican,
250; Japanese, 250-2; Uruguay,
377; Swedish, 908; Midwinter
Fair, 978.
Educational congresses, proceedings
etc. 76, 936-9.
Eiffel Tower, model of the, 870.
Electric Clocks, exhibit, 421-2.
Electric Incubators, exhibit etc. 422.
Electrical Congress, proceedings
etc. 946.
Electrical engines and motors, U. S.
exhibits, 311-12, 340, 407, 409,
413, 417-18, 570; German, 329,
413 - 14 -
Electrical Heating Apparatus,422-3.
Electricity Department, illumina¬
tions, 400-2; building, 59, 402-4;
plan and character of exhibits,
405-6; U. S. exhibits, 406-13, 417
-25; German,413-14, 424; French,
414- 15, 422; British, 416; Aus¬
trian, 416, 422; Japanese, 416-17;
Italian, 422.
Electro-medical apparatus, 419, 421.
Electro-plating, machinery for, 419,
421.
Electrotyping, machinery for, 419.
Ellsworth, Mrs., design for fountain,
795 -
Elmira Reformatory, model of, 649.
Embroideries, exhibits from Hindo-
stan, 1S6; French, 193; German,
201, 282-3; Danish, 213; Mexican,
218; Corean, 219; Siamese, 220;
Chinese, 220-1; Japanese, 223,
279, 763; British, 275-6; Russian,
276; American, 277; Spanish, 278;
in woman’s department, 28g-go;
Belgian, 282; Austrian, 282 338;
Persian, 379.
Emmons, G. T., Alaskan collection,
123.
“Empire State Express,” locomotive
and train, 554-5, 606.
Engineering Congresses, proceed¬
ings etc., 939-42.
England, see Great Britain.
Engravings, Keppel collection, 287-
8; U. S. collection, 687-8; Mex¬
ican, 717; British, 725; German,
733; Austrian, 735; Belgian, 735;
Swedish, 751.
Entomology, exhibits in, 126, 135.
Erfurt, horticultural exhibits, 445.
Erikson, Leif, sketches etc. relating
to, 213.
Eskimo village, Columbian Exposi¬
tion, 878-9; Midwinter Fair, g8g.
Eskimos, fairs among the, 23.
Essex Institute, art exhibit, 592-3.
Etchings, Keppel collection, 287-8;
U. S. collection, 687; Mexican,
717; British, 725; German, 733;
Austrian,735; Belgian,735; Dutch,
744; -Swedish, 751.
Eulalia, Infanta, visit etc. of, gr2,
971.
F
Fairchild, Gen., collection of por¬
traits, 812.
Farquahar, A. B., speech Pa. day,
777 -
Farrington, W. C. D., exhibit of
flies, 134.
Feehan, Archbishop, speeches etc.
of, 875, 949, 951, 968.
Fellows, J. R., Manhattan day, 772.
Felton & Carlswerk, electrical ap¬
paratus, 4T4.
Ferdinand, Archduke, visit etc. of,
971 -
Ferns, display of, 431-4.
Ferris, G. W. G., artificer of Ferris
wheel etc., 868, 882.
Ferris Wheel, 868-70, 881-2.
Ferry, T. W., Mich, dedication, 833.
Festival Hall, Columbian Exposi¬
tion, 84; Midwinter Fair, 987.
Field, M., premium awarded to, 624;
gift to Columbian museum, 966.
Filson club, historic relics, 793.
Findlay, J. V. L., Md. day, 792.
Fine Arts Department, building and
decorations, 61, 667—g; character
and scope of exhibits, 665-9; se-
lection and arrangement, 668-71,
764; U.S. display, 671-90; French,
690-709; British, 694,718-27; Ger¬
man, 694, 729-33; Dutch, 694,
735 - 44 , 7 6 4 ; Belgian, 694, 735;
Swedish, 694, 749-51; Italian,
694, 709-15; Spanish, 694, 715-17;
Mexican, 717; Venezuelan, 718;
Brazilian, 718; Canadian, 727;
Australian, 728-9; Austrian, 733-
5; Danish, 746-8; Norwegian,
751-4; Russian, 754-60; Japanese,
760-4; Swiss, 764, 853-4; Mid¬
winter Fair, 982.
Fire Department, 79, 974.
Fire Engines and Apparatus, 316,
33 L 338 .
Firth Wheel, at Midwinter Fair, 990.
Fisheries, govei'nment exhibit, 123-
5 , 134 -
Fisheries Department, building and
embellishments, 61, 511-12, 541;
classification etc., 509, 522; U. S.
collections, 512-24, 537-42; Nor¬
wegian, 624-8, 542; British, 528-
g; Canadian, 529-32, 541; Aus¬
tralian, 532 -4; French, 534: Ger¬
man, 534; Russian, 534-5; Dutch,
535; Grecian, 535-6; Mexican,
536; Japanese, 536-7, 542; Brazil¬
ian, 539-40.
Flax, production and exhibits, 346,
34 8 , 353 - 4 . 356 . 360, 372-3.
Florence, exposition at, 20.
Florida, agricultural exhibits, 355;
fruits, 442-3; forest products, 456;
mining, 478; state building and
exhibits, 797-8.
Flower, Gov., dedication parade etc.,
87, 93 . 77 L 777 -
Folk Lore Congress, proceedings
etc., 75-6, 934-5.
Food Preparations and Apparatus,
328, 332, 337-8, 364, 367, 369,
364-82, 388-90.
“Forest and Stream,” exhibits,540-1.
Foresters’ Day, celebration, 970.
Forestry Department, building, 450-
2; U. S. exhibits, 126, 452-60;
Australian, 460-1; Canadian, 461;
French, 461; German, 461-2; Rus¬
sian, 462; Mexican, 462; Brazilian,
463; Argentinian, 463; Paraguay,
463; Spanish, 463; Cuban, 463;
Japanese, 463; Hindostan, 463-4;
Siamese, 464; Trinidad, 464.
Fort Wayne Electric Company, ex¬
hibits, 413.
Fossils, display of, 651, 814.
Foundries and Machine Shops, Ger¬
man exhibits, 330-1.
Fourth of July, celebration, 968.
Fowler, Bishop, dedication ceremo¬
nies, 8g.
Fowler, Sir J., model of bridge, 564.
Fox, A. O., prize awarded to, 623.
France, fairs and expositions in, 12-
18; New York naval review, 91-4:
manufactures exhibits, 187; liberal
arts, 246-8, 422; woman’s depart¬
ment, 274, 279, 287; machinery,
337; agriculture, 368-71, 383, 394:
electricity, 414-15; horticulture
and forestry, 439, 447-9, 461; min¬
ing, 493-5; fisheries, 534; trans¬
portation, 567-8, 573; live-stock,
610, 625; fine arts, 690-709; gov¬
ernment building and contents,
891; celebration day, 8gi-2.
Francis, ex-Gov., speech Mo. day,
795 -
Frank, N., Mo. day, 795.
Frankfort-on-the-Main, fairs at, iS;
exhibits of machinery, 331; elec¬
trical apparatus, 414.
Frankfort-on-the-Oder, fairs at, 18.
Frazer & Chalmers, mining machin¬
ery etc., 500.
Fredericks, F. F., educational ex¬
hibit, 805.
French Colonies Buildings, 918.
French-Sheldon, Mrs., contributions
to woman’s department etc., 272,
303, 582, 934.
Fresno County, exhibits in Cal.
building, 822; at Midwinter Fair,
984.
Frick Coke Company, exhibits, 469,
507 -
Frost, W. S., at odd-fellows' celebra¬
tion, g6g.
Fruits, U. S. display, 439-46, 821-2,
827; Australian, 439-40, 443;
French, 439; Russian, 439; Ger¬
man, 440, 443; Italian, 443; Can¬
adian, 443; Grecian, 446; at Mid¬
winter Fair, 985-7.
Fuller, Gov. L. K., Vt. day, 785.
Furniture, U. S., exhibits, 161-5;
New South Wales, 185; Hindo¬
stan, 186; Cingalese, 186; French,
190-1; Bavarian, 198-200; Aus¬
trian, 207; Russian, 209; Danish,
213; Brazilian, 216; Japanese,
223 - 5 - .
Furs, exhibits of, 171, 185, 209.
G
Gage, Downs & Co., premium for
equipage, 624.
Gage, Lyman J., a promoter of the
Columbian Exposition etc., 41, 70.
Games, historical exhibit etc. of,
641-6.
Gas and Petroleum Engines, exhibit
of, 329.
Gates Manufactory, mining machin¬
ery etc., 500.
Gems, U. S., exhibits, 147-53, 472,
477 , 483-5, 506; British, 182;
French, 188; Siamese, 220; Bra¬
zilian, 497; Cape Colonjq 499-500.
“General,” locomotive, 560, 607.
General Electric Company, exhibits
etc., 406-8, 416.
General Transatlantic Company, ex¬
hibit, 597.
Geneva Clock Company exhibits,
156.
Gentry, N. H., Mo. day, 795.
Geological Survey, exhibits, 122.
Geometrical Machine, exhibit etc.
of, 326.
Geraldine, D., superintendent of
construction, 65.
German Art Association, collective
exhibit, 729-33.
German Electrical Society, exhibits,
4I3-I4- .
German village, Columbian Exposi¬
tion, 858-63, 881, 967; Midwinter
Fair, 989.
Germany, fairs and expositions in,
18; participation in naval review,
91-4, 98; manufactures exhibits,
197-201: liberal arts, 241-4, 254,
288; woman’s department, 281-3;
996
INDEX
Germany—Continued,
machinery, 338-32, 340; agricult¬
ure, 371-2, 383, 394; electricity,
413-14, 424; horticulture and for¬
estry. 434 - 5 . 44 °. 443 - 5 . 447 ~ 9 .
461-3; mining, 488-go; fisheries,
534; transportation, 565-7, 575;
fine arts, 694, 729-33, 888; live¬
stock, 628; government building
and contents, 885-90; celebration
day, 890.
Ghent, expositions at, 20.
Gherardi, Admiral, in command at
naval review, 93.
Gibbons, Cardinal, dedication cere¬
monies etc., 89, 238, 792, 948-51.
Gilfillan, J. H., premiums, 621.
Glass Ware, U. S. exhibits, 147,
i6g; British, 184; Bohemian, 203;
Belgian, 207; Italian, 215; Aus¬
trian, 338; Swedish, 905.
Gloucester, fisheries exhibits etc.,
517-18.
Gold and Gold Ores, U. S. exhibits
and production, 474-88; German,
488; Canadian, 491-2; Australian,
493; Japanese, 496; Brazilian,
497; Ecuador, 497; Mexican, 498.
Gold Ware, U. S., exhibits, 147-53;
British, 182; Hindostan, 189;
French, 188; German, 197; Aus¬
trian, 205; Norwegian, 213; Dan¬
ish, 213; Siamese, 220.
Golden, Col., mining exhibit, 486.
Goldsmiths and Silversmiths’ Com¬
pany, exhibits, 182.
Goode, G. B., government exhibits
prepared by, 70, 107.
Gorham Manufacturing Company,
pavilion and exhibits, 145-7.
Goss Printing-press Company, ex¬
hibit, 325.
Government Congresses, 76, 943-4.
Government Department, building,
61, 100-1; scope and purposes,
9g-ioo; colonial and other relics,
101-11; exhibits of the state de¬
partment, 102, 134; justice, 103;
war, 103-7, I 34. engineering, 106;
hospital etc. 106-7; national mu¬
seum, 107-11, 134; treasury, in
-13; coast and geodetic survey,
113; lighthouse, 113, 129; post-
office, 113-15, 134; interior, 115-
23; education, 115-17; land office,
117-19; census bureau, 119; patent
office, 119-20; geological survey,
132; Indian affairs, 122-3; fish¬
eries, 123-5, 134; agriculture, 125
-6, 134-5; botany and entomology,
126, 135; horticulture and forest¬
ry, 126-7; naval etc., 127-9, x 35-
Graham, E. R., construction depart¬
ment, 65.
Grand Army Day, celebration,968-9.
Grand Rapids, exhibits, 163; 811.
Granites, 211, 472, 474, 476-7, 480,
482, 485-6, 497.
Grasses, 348-61, 367,376.
Gray, E., telautograph, 419
Great Britain, fairs and expositions,
8-12; participation in naval review,
91-4, g8; manufactures exhibits,
178-85; liberal arts, 244-6, 254;
woman’s department, 274-6, 287-
8; machinery, 332-7; agriculture,
362-5; electricity, 416; horticult¬
ure, 434, 447-9; mining, 490-1,
508; fisheries, 528-9; transporta¬
tion, 561-4, 573, 577-9, 593-5:
fine arts, 694, 718-27, 894-6; gov¬
ernment building and contents,
892-4; celebration days, 894-6;
headquarters, Midwinter Fair, 985.
Great Western Railway, exhibit,
563-4-
Greece, fairs and expositions, 6, 20;
agricultural display, 373; wines,
439; fruits, 446; minerals, 496;
fisheries, 535-6; statuary, 633.
Greeley Expedition, model of, 106.
Gregory, E. J., director of Midwin¬
ter Fair, 975.
Grinlinton, J. J., tea exhibit, 903.
Grogan, F. W., builder of the “Illi¬
nois,” 128.
Guatemala,government building and
contents, 912-13; inaugural day,
9 I Q-
Gudgell & Simpson, prizes for Here-
fords, 620.
Guernsey Stock, exhibits and tests,
395 - 6 .
Guilmant, A., organ recitals, 967.
Guitars, exhibits of, 231-2.
Guns, see Ordnance.
Gwynn, J. K., Mo. day, 795,
H
Haarlem, exposition at, 19.
Hagenbeck’s Arena, 843-4, 881, 883.
Haliddie, A. S., cable car, 570.
Hall, J. B., premium, 617.
Hamburg, exhibition at, 18; display
of machinery, 331.
Hamburg-American Packet Com¬
pany, models etc. 596.
Hamlin, G., architect of Donegal
Irish village, 846.
Handy, M. P., chief of Publicity and
Promotion department, 43.
Hardtmuth & Co., carbons, 416.
Harlan & Hollingsworth Company,
models of vessels etc. 586.
Harley, W. H., medal, 797.
Harper and Bros., exhibits, 253, 592.
Harper, W. R., president university
of Chicago, 35.
Harps, exhibits of, 231-2.
Harrison, C. PI., speech at German
celebration, 890.
Harrison, ex-President, visit etc. of,
783, 810-11.
Hart, Mrs. E., promoter of Irish
industries, 844-46.
Hartmann & Brown, electrical ap¬
paratus, 414.
Hartzburg Springs Company, ex¬
hibit, 372.
Harvard University, exhibits of, 237.
Hastings, D. PI., Pa. day, 777.
Hatfield House, reproduction of ban¬
queting hall in, 182-3.
Havemeyer, T. A., Jersey stock, 396.
Havens, B. 1 \. Ind. dedication, 810.
Haviland, Anuet L., Mich, dedica¬
tion, 833.
Hawaiian Village, at Midwinter Fair,
987.
Hawley, E. F., exhibit of Shetland
ponies etc., 619.
Hayden, Sophia G., architect of
Woman’s building, 65, 257.
Hayes-Sadler, Col., British Empire
day, 895,
Hayti, government building and con¬
tents, 918; dedication etc. 920.
Hebrews, commerce and fa ; rs of, 5.
Hector, M., president N. D. board,
8 _ 33 -
Pleidelberg. exhibit of machinery,
331; mining, 489.
Hemp, 351, 354, 372-3, 377.
Henderson Ames Company, uniforms
etc., 156.
Henderson & Co., seeds etc., 445.
Henneberg and Sons, panorama of
Bernese Alps, 764.
Hennessy, Archbishop, speeches
Irish day etc., 895, 949, 968.
Henrotin, C., Turkish day, 909.
Henrotin, Mrs. C., vice-president of
woman’s branch etc., 922.
Henschel & Son, locomotive ex¬
hibited by, 565.
Higinbotham, H. N., president,
council of administration etc., 46,
70, 882, 996.
Hindostan, fairs in etc., 7; manu¬
factures exhibits, 186; forest pro¬
ducts etc., 463-4; archaeology,
662-3.
Hoag, J. M., exhibit of Shetland
ponies etc., 619.
Hockins Fisli-way, model, 531.
Hoe Printing-presses, 324-5.
Hoffacker, C., architect, German
village, 863.
Hogs, see Swine.
Hoisting Engines, display of, 314.
Holbert, A. B., premiums, 617.
Holbert, Hallie, Tex. collection, 797.
Holland, fairs and expositions in,
19-20; participation in naval pa¬
rade, 94; agricultural exhibits, 394;
fisheries, 535; transportation, 598;
fine arts, 594, 735-44, 764; cele¬
bration day, 919.
Hollenben, Baron von, address,
German day, 890.
Holzmann, P. & Co., German vil¬
lage built by, 863.
Homocoustic Speaking Tube Com¬
pany, exhibits, 416.
Honduras, exhibits of tobacco, 390.
Honey, 364, 373, 375, 388.
Hooden Temple, 918.
Hopkins, Vice-admiral, naval review,
93 -
Hopley, P. & Co., premiums, 615.
Hops, exhibits of, 348, 353-4, 371.
Horncastle, fairs at, 8.
Horse Shoes, 172, 186.
Horses, 615-20, 624, 628.
Horticultural Congress, 954.
Horticultural Department, building
and decorations, 60, 427-30; scope
and arrangement of exhibits, 427;
U. S. exhibits, 430-50; Austra¬
lian, 430-4, 438, 443; Canadian,
433 - 4 . 443 ; Japanese, 434, 439,
448; Mexican, 434; British, 434,
447-9; Belgian, 434, 447-9; Ger¬
man, 434-5, 443, 445-9; Spanish,
435 . 439 ! French, 435, 439,
445-g; Hungarian, 438; Russian,
438-9; Italian, 439, 443; Grecian,
439, 446; Portuguese, 439; Mid¬
winter Fair, 983-4.
Horticultural Implements, exhibits
°f. 445 -
Hospitals, location, service, exhibits
etc., 80, 106-7, 974-
Hotchkiss Company, exhibit of or-
nance etc., 601.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., pavilion etc.
254 -
Household Economics Congress,
954 - 5 -
Hoyt, W. M., premium, 624.
Hubbard, ex-Gov., Tex. day, 797.
Hubbard, W. F., dictation of, 134-5.
Huelva, congress etc. held at, 22.
Humane Congress, 955.
Humboldt County, exhibit, Cal. build¬
ing, 822; Midwinter Fair, 986-7.
Hungarian Cafe, 881.
Hunt, A. M., department at Mid¬
winter Fair, 983,
Hunt, L, P., Minn, dedication, 833.
Hunt, R. M., architect of Admini¬
stration building, 65, 131.
Hunter’s Camp, 449-50.
Hutchinson, C. L., ex-president of
Chicago Art Institute, 35.
Hygiene and Sanitation, bureau of,
646-9.
I
Ibrahim Hakky Bey, Turkish dedi¬
cation day, 909.
Ice-making Machines, exhibits of,
328,
Ice Railway, 881.
Idaho, agricultural exhibits, 360;
fruits, 442, 446; mining, 482-3;
state building and exhibits, 828-9.
Illinois, state building and exhibits,
60, 801-6; agricultural pavilion
and exhibits, 349-51, 393-4, 801-
3; horticulture, 433, 441-2, 803;
horses and live-stock, 615-25;
charities and correction, 649-50;
pisciculture, 803; relics and cu¬
riosities, 803-5; education, 805-6,
833; literature and art, 806; cele¬
bration day, 808-10.
“Illinois” battle ship, see Naval
Exhibits.
Illinois Central Railroad, exhibit
560; Fair traffic etc., 974.
Illinois Deaf and Dumb Institution,
exhibit, 833.
Illinois Music Teachers, convention,
932 -
Illinois Press Association, 833,
Illinois State College of Agriculture,
801.
Illinois State House, war relics,
8 b 3 ~ 5 -
Illinois State University, exhibits,
805,
Illinois Woman’s Board, exhibits
etc., 805-6.
Illuminations, Columbian Exposi¬
tion, 400-2, 424-5; Midwinter
Fair, 990-92.
Incandescent Lamps, Edison, 406;
Westinghouse, 408-9; Farmer,
411; German, 414.
Incubators, exhibits etc. of, 625-6.
India, see Hindostan.
India Building, design and contents,
901-2.
India Tea Association, exhibit, 901.
Indiana, agricultural pavilion and
exhibits, 352-3, 393; horticulture
and forest products, 431-3, 445,
456; mining, 474; live-stock, 620-
4; archeology, 634; state building
and contents, 810; celebration
day, 810,
Industrial Art Society, 906.
Ingraining Machines, 327.
Insulae, exhibit etc. of, 418-ig.
Interior Department, exhibits, 115-
23.
International Dress and Costume
Company, 838, 883.
International Folk Lore Society,
session of, 934.
International Navigation Company,
exhibit, 586-7,
Intramural Railroads etc., 601-3.
Iowa, educational exhibits, 238;
agriculture,. 347, 393-4; fruits,
441-2; mining, 476; horses and
live-stock, 615-26; state building
and exhibits, 814-16,
Iowa Band, performances etc., 797,
833, 967, 969-70. ^
Iowa State Historical Society, ex¬
hibit, 816.
Ireland, see Great Britain.
Irish Industries Association, exhibits
etc., 836-8, 881.
Iron and Iron Ores, U. S. exhibits
and production, 471, 474-5, 478,
482-8; German, 489-90; British,
490-1; Canadian, 492; Australian,
493; Austrian, 495; Argentinian,
497 .
Iron-clads, British models of, 593-4;
German, 596; Russian, 5g8; Span¬
ish, 599; U. S. 5gg-6oo.
Isabella Coins, issue etc. of, 302-3.
Isabella, Queen, portraits etc. of, 656.
Isabella, town, relics from, 657.
Italy, fairs and expositions, 20-1;
participation in naval review, gi-
4; exhibits of manufactures, 214
15; liberal arts, 250, 254; woman’s
department, 278-g; machinery,
339: agriculture, 373; horticult¬
ure, 439, 443, 447; mining, 495-
6; transportation, 575; fine arts,
694, 709-15, 764; headquarters
etc, Midwinter Fair, 987.
Ives, H. C., chief of Fine Arts de¬
partment, 671.
J
Jackson, A. C., superintendent of
Fla. building, 798.
Jackson, J. &Sons, prizes for South-
downs, 621.
Jackson Park, site of Columbian Ex¬
position etc., 44, 47-9, 51-7.
Jacquard Looms, display of, 318-21.
Jalapa, fairs at, 22.
Jamaica, exhibits of manufactures,
187.
“James Toleman,” locomotive, 564.
Japan, manufactures exhibits, 221-5;
liberal arts, 250-5; woman's de¬
partment, 279; agricultural, 377-8;
seismographic instruments etc.
416-17, 425; horticulture and for¬
est products, 434, 448, 463; min¬
ing, 496; fisheries, 536-7, 542;
transportation, 580, 598-9; fine
arts, 760-4; Hooden temple, 918;
commissioners banquets, 920; gifts
to Columbian museum, 966.
INDEX
997
Japanese Bazaar, 847.
Japanese Tea-house, gzo.
Japanese Village, at Midwinter Fair,
988.
Jasper, exhibits of, 476.
Java, agricultural exhibits, 388.
Javanese Village, 847-9; 881.
Jaycox, E. E., manager of traffic
department, 78.
Jefferson City, room in Mo. building,
794 -
Jeffery, E. T., report etc. of, 39, 84.
Jeffrey Manufacturing Company,
mining machinery etc., 501.
Jenney, W. L. B., architect of Hor¬
ticultural building, 65.
Jersey Stock, exhibits and tests,
395 - 6 .
Jessup Collection, in Forestry de¬
partment, 454.
Jewelry, U. S. exhibits, 147-53;
British, r82; French, r88-gi;
German, 197; Austrian, 205; Nor¬
wegian, 213; Italian, 2r5; Persian,
381.
Jewett, J. J., Me. dedication dajq 787.
“John Bull,” locomotive with cars,
549 , 558 - 9 ; trip to Chicago etc.,
605.
Johns Manufacturing Company, ex¬
hibit of asbestos, 503.
Johnson, J. A., Minn, dedication day,
8 33 -
Johnson Railroad Signal Company,
exhibit, 604.
Johnstone, Norman & Co., furnish¬
ings, Victoria house, 892.
Johore, agricultural exhibits, 379,
971; bungalow, 851-3; visit of
sultan, 971.
Jonas, Lieut-gov., oration, Bohemia
day, 919.
Jones, J. L., service conducted by,
973 -
Justice, department of, exhibits, 103.
K
Kane, T. & Co., pleasure boats etc.
586.
Kansas, agricultural exhibits, 356;
fruits, 446; mining, 477; state
building and exhibits, 817-19;
celebrations, 833.
Kansas City, parlor in Mo. building,
794 -
Kapurtliala, visit of the Maharajah
of, 971.
Kells Linens, display of, 846.
Kentucky, parlor in woman’s build¬
ing, 264; agricultural exhibits,
351-2; forest products, 459; min¬
ing etc., 472-4; cattle, 620; horses,
624; state building and exhibits,
792-3; dedication day, 793.
Kern county, exhibits, Cal. building,
822, 824.
Iveyl, J., premiums, 617.
Keystone Watch-case Company, ex¬
hibits, 156.
Kiakhta, fairs at, zo.
Kimberley Mines, exhibits etc., 499-
500, 508.
Kindergarten Congress, 936.
“King Bull,” Lapland village, 879-
80, 883.
King’s Daughters, booth in woman’s
department etc., 285.
Kioto, expositions at, 28.
Knights of Pythias, celebration day,
970.
Koch, R.. bacteriological exhibit, 243.
Koznakoff, Admiral, at naval review.
93 -
Krupp, F., building and exhibit,
227-9.
Kutzenberger’s Columbian Chorus,
797 -
L
Labor Congresses, 947-8.
Laces, French, 193, 279; German,
201, 282; Belgian, 207. 282; Dan¬
ish, 213, 274; Venetian, 215:
Spanish, 215, 278; Mexican, 218;
Russian, 274, 276; Austrian, 274;
British, 275 6; Italian, 278-9,
303; Japanese, 279.
Lafayette Relics, 102, 104, in, 891.
Laird Brothers, models of steamers
etc., 595.
Lambertson, D. H., financial super¬
intendent, 50.
Lamps, exhibits of, 163, 506 7.
“Lancaster,” locomotive with cars,
559 -
Land Office, exhibits, 117-19.
Lapland Village, 879-80.
La Rabida Monastery, its reproduc¬
tion, history, and contents, 57,
653-62.
La Rue, H. M., superintendent of
viticultural bureau, 447.
Larke, J. S., Canadian commis¬
sioner etc. 898, 900.
Laurium Mines, exhibits, 496.
Law, C. F., commissioner, B.C., 8g8.
Law Reform Congress, 943.
Lead & Galena, U. S. exhibits, 475
-8, 482-3, 487; British, 490-1;
Canadian, 492; Australian, 493;
Grecian, 496; Spanish, 497; Bra¬
zilian, 497.
Leather, exhibits of, 225-6.
Leavitt, Mary C., temperance mis¬
sion etc. of, 284.
Lee, Fitz-Hugh, Va. day, 790.
Leffler, A., Swedish commissioner,
go8.
Leipsic, fairs at, 18; machinery ex¬
hibit, 320.
Leiter, L. 2 ., ex-president, Chicago
Art institute, 35; gift to Colum¬
bian museum, g66.
Levy, R., manager of Turkish vil¬
lage, 855.
Libbey Glass Company, 841-3, 882.
Liberal Arts Department, building,
49. 5L 58, 67, 136-40; arrange¬
ment of exhibits, 231; U. S. col¬
lections, 231-41, 252-6; German,
241-4, 254; British, 244-6, 254;
Canadian, 246; Australian, 246,
255; French, 246-8; Russian, 248
-250, 255; Austrian, 250; Italian,
250. 254; Belgian, 250, 254; Dan¬
ish, 250; Mexican, 250: Japanese,
250-2, 254-5; Midwinter Fair,
979783.
Liberia, agricultural exhibits, 381-2.
Liberty Bell, original, 94, g6; Co¬
lumbian, 963.
Libraries,U.S. exhibits, ii5;French,
247; woman’s department, 262,
286-8; Japanese, 279; children’s
home, 293, 297; Bancroft, 980-3.
Lick Observatory, exhibits, 826,979.
Liebig Extract of Beef Company,
exhibit, 377.
Li 4 ge, fire arms, 207.
Life-saving Station, appliances and
exhibits, 128-9, 135.
Lighthouses, exhibits, 113, izg.
Lilburn, R., exhibit of stallions,
619.
Lilienthal, P. N., treasurer of Mid¬
winter Fair, 977.
Lineff Russian Choir, concerts, 967,
. 990 .
Liquors, (see also Wines) alcoholic,
364, 368, 375, 377, 389, 397, 435;
malt, 364-5. 372 . 377 . 387. 4351
temperance, 364, 376, 435.
Literary Congresses, 75, 933-6.
Literature, in liberal Arts depart¬
ment, 247-8, 253-5; woman’s de¬
partment, 287, 293, 297; Va. col¬
lection, 788; Ill. 806; Ind. 810;
Wise. 812; Cal. 823-4; German,
88g; Midwinter Fair, 979-83.
Lithography, exhibit of processes,
326, 338.
Little Falls, paper working appli¬
ances, 326.
Live-stock Department,organization
and character of exhibits, 609-10;
regulations, 614; buildings, 614;
U. S. exhibits, 615-28; Canadian,
620-8; Russian, 610, 628; French,
610, 625; German, 610, 6z8.
Locomotives and Railroad Trains,
U. S. display, 121, 408, 549-61;
British, 562-4; Canadian, 564;
German, 565; French, 567-8.
Lofoden Islands, fisheries etc., 525-
6 , 542 .
London, expositions at, 10-11; exhib¬
its of machinery, 337; vehicles, 573.
London and North Western Rail¬
road, exhibit, 562-3.
“Long Tom,” gun, 104.
Looms, exhibits of, 120, 318-22.
“Lord of the Isles” locomotive, 563.
Los Angeles County, exhibits at
Midwinter Fair, 985.
Loughborough, Jean, architect, Ark.
building, 795.
Louisiana, educational exhibits, 238;
agriculture, 354-5; forest products,
457, mining, 478; fisheries, 521;
state building and exhibits, 7g8-8oo.
Louisiana Sugar Exchange, exhibits,
354 - .
Louisville, exposition at, 27,
Lowell, manufactures etc. 322.
Lowney Company, pavilion, 397.
Lucknow, exposition at, 27.
Lusk & Co., canned goods, 446.
Lyons, ancient fairs at, 12.
M
McClellan, C. H., in charge of life¬
saving station, 135.
McCoppin, F., department at Mid¬
winter Fair, 978.
McCorkle, Gov. W. A., W. Va. day,
79 1 -
McCormick, Cyrus H., inventions
etc. of, 385-6.
McCormick Harvesting Machine
Company, exhibit, 385-6.
McDougall, C. C., architect, Mid¬
winter Fair, 983.
McKim, C. F., architect of Agricult¬
ural building, 65.
McKinley, Gov., O. day, 811.
McReynolds, Gen. A. T., Mich,
dedication day, 833.
Machinery Department, building.
58—g, 305-7; scope and quality of
exhibits, 307-8; U. S. display,
308-28; German, 328-32; British,
332-7; French, 337; Mexican, 337;
Russian, 337-8; Austrian, 338;
Brazilian, 338; Belgian, 338; Can¬
adian, 338; Australian, 338, Swed¬
ish, 338; Spanish, 338—g; Swiss,
339; Italian, 339.
Macka)', J. W., promoter of Com¬
mercial Cable company, 420.
Madeira, exhibits from, 581.
Madras, exhibition at, 27.
Madrid, expositions at, 22.
Magdeburg, machinery exhibits,
330 - 1 -
Maguey, fibres and fabrics, 376.
Maine, fisheries exhibit, 519; state
building and exhibits, 786; dedi¬
cation day, 787.
Maize, see Cereals.
Manchester, art exhibition at, 12;
machinery exhibit, 334.
Manhattan Plate Company, exhibits,
153 -
Mannesman!! Works, exhibit of tub¬
ing etc. 489.
Manske & Co., mining exhibit, 489.
Manufactures, government exhibits,
109-10.
Manufactures Department, building,
49, 51, 58, 67, 136-40; classifica¬
tion, arrangement and character
of exhibits, 140-5; U. S. groups,
1:45-75; British, 179-85; Canadian,
185; Australian, 185-6; Hindo-
stan, 186; Cingalese, 186-7; Ja-
maican, 187; French, 187-97; Ger¬
man, 197-201; Austrian, 201-7;
Belgian, 207-g; Russian, 209;
Norwegian, 210-13; Danish, 213;
Swiss, 214; Italian, 214-15; Span¬
ish, 215; Brazilian, 216; Argen¬
tinian, 217; Mexican, 217-18;
Turkish and Bulgarian, 218-19;
Corean, 219; Siamese, 219-20;
Persian, 220; Chinese, 220-1; Jap¬
anese, 221-5; shoe and leather ex¬
hibit, 225-6; merchant tailors’
226-7; Krupp, 227-9; Midwinter
Fair, 979.
Mappin Bros., silver-ware, 182.
Marbles, Norwegian, 211; U. S.,
472-7, 480, 482, 485-6; Italian,
495; Russian, 496; Japanese, 496;
Spanish, 497; Brazilian, 497;
Argentinian, 497.
Marguerite, Queen, laces of, 278.
Marine Day, celebration, 969-70.
Marine Engines, models of, 335.
Markham, Gov., Cal. dedication
day, 833.
Marsden, Kate, mission etc. of, 280,
3 ° 3 -
Maryland, agricultural exhibits, 355:
mining, 478; state building and
exhibits, 791-2; Md. day, 792.
Mason, G., pi'oject for exposition, 37.
Massachusetts, manufactures ex¬
hibits, 168; educational, 237;
woman’s department, 277; agri¬
culture, 355, 390; forest products,
455, charities and correction, 649-
50; state building and exhibits,
782-3, 799; dedication, 783.
Massachusetts Agricultural College,
exhibits, 361.
Massachusetts Board of Health,
exhibits in sanitation department,
648-9.
Massey, G. V., member of council
of administration etc., 46,777, 971.
Matches, exhibits etc. of, 326-7, 330.
Matthews, Gov., Ind. dedication day,
810.
Maurity, Rear-admiral, Brazilian
day, 920.
Meade, R. W., naval exhibit project¬
ed by, 128.
Mebarraz, fairs at, 7.
Mecca, fairs at, 6-7.
Mechanical Arts Department, Mid¬
winter Fair, 984-5.
Mechanical Congresses, 939.
Medals, )Columbian, see Awards),
collection of, m-12.
Medical Colleges, exhibits of, 240.
Medical Congresses, 925-26.
Medical Museum, 107.
Meeker, S. J., N. J. day, 778.
Melbourne, exhibition at, 27.
Menier Chocolate Booth, 397.
Merchant Tailors, building and ex¬
hibits, 226-7.
Meredith, Mrs. V. C., Ind. dedication
day, 810.
Meriden Britannia Company, pavil¬
ion and exhibits, 150-2.
Mermod & Jaccard Company, pavil¬
ion and exhibits, 153.
Metal Wares, exhibits of, 501-3.
Metal Work, 172, 198-201.
Metallurgical Processes and Appa¬
ratus, 489, 491, 503-5, 905.
Meteorological Congress, 947.
Mexican Central Railroad, ethnologi¬
cal specimens etc., 634.
Mexican Orchestra and Band, 967.
970.
Mexico, fairs and expositions in, 22-
3; exhibits of manufactures, 217-
18; liberal arts, 250; woman’s de¬
partment, 280-2; machinery, 337;
agriculture, 376; horticulture and
forest products, 434, 462; mining,
497 9; fisheries, 536; transporta¬
tion, 568-9; ethnology, 634; fine
arts, 717; celebration day, gig.
Mica, samples of, 478, 488, 462, 497.
Michigan, agricultural exhibits, 347-
8, 394; fruits, 441-2; forest prod¬
ucts, 452-3; loggers’ camp, 465;
mining etc. 474-5; sheep, 621;
horses, 624; sanitation depart¬
ment, 646; state building and ex¬
hibits, 811; celebrations, 811, 833.
Michigan Stove Company, exhibit,
164.
Midway Plaisauce, location and gen¬
eral features, 52, 62, 835-6; Lady
Aberdeen’s village, 836-8, 881;
congress of beauty, 839-40; Adams
Express Company, 840; scenic
theatre, 840; Col. gold mine, 840-1;
Murano Glass factory, 841; Lib¬
bey Glass company, 841-3, 882;
Hagenbeck’s arena, 843-4; Done-
998
INDEX
Midway Plaisance—Continued,
gal Irish village, 844-7, 882; Jap¬
anese bazaar, 847; Javanese vil¬
lage, 847-9, 882; Samoan village,
849-51; Johore bungalow, 851-3;
panorama of Bernese Alps, 853-4;
volcano of Kalauea, 855-6; Turkish
village, 855-8; Moorish palace, 858
-63; Zoopraxiscopic hall, 863; Per¬
sian palace, 863-4; street in Cairo,
864-8, 882; Ferris wheel, 868-70;
model of Eiffel tower, 870; of St
Peter’s, 870-1; Austrian village,
871-3; Chinatown, 873-6; Algerian
and Tunisian village, 876-7; Da¬
homey village, 877-8; Eskimo vil¬
lage, 878-9; Lapland village, 879
80; Brazilian concert hall, 880.
Midwinter Exposition, inception, or¬
ganization etc. 974-6; site and
construction, 976; buildings and
decorations, 976-7; manufactures
and liberal arts department, 977-
83; administration, 983; fine arts,
983; horticulture and agriculture,
983-4; mechanical arts, 984-5;
Southern Cal., 985-6; Northern
and Central Cal., 986; Or., 987;
Nev., 987; British headquarters
etc. 987; Canadian, 987; Italian,
987; music and concerts, 988; con¬
gresses, 988; Midway plaisance
features, 988-92; illuminations,
990-2; benefits and results, 992;
Miehle Company, press etc,. 325.
Milan, exposition at, 22.
Miles, Gen. N. A., dedication par¬
ade, 87.
Military Engineering Congress, 940.
Military Tournament, 627.
Miller, ex-Gov., N. D. day, 833.
Millet, F. D., in charge of decoration
department etc. 67-8, 882-3.
Milwaukee, exhibits' of machinery,
328. . .
Mine Timbering, exhibit of, 481.
Mineral Waters, exhibits of, 364-5,
371 - 2 . 377 . 387-90, 397 , 495 -
Mines, Mining, and Metallurgy De¬
partment, building, 59, 467-8;
scope and arrangement of exhib¬
its, 468-9; U. S. exhibits, 468-88;
500-8; German, 488-90; British,
490-1; Canadian, 491-2; Austra¬
lian, 493; French,493—5; Austrian,
495; Italian, 495-6; Grecian,
496; Russian, 496; Japanese, 496;
Spanish, 497; Brazilian, 497; Ar¬
gentinian, 497; Ecuador, 497; Bo¬
livian, 497; Chilian, 497; Mexican,
497-9; Cape Colony, 499-500,
Midwinter Fair, 985.
Mining Camp of ’49, at Midwinter
Fair, 988.
Mining Machinery,exhibits of, 500-1.
Mining and Metallurgical Congress,
939-40.
Minneapolis, dairy products, 394.
Minnesota, educational exhibits, 238;
agriculture, 348, 393: fruits, 441-
2; forest products, 459, 465; min¬
ing, 475-6; fisheries, 523; horses,
615-17, 624; cattle, 620; state
building and exhibits, 812-13.
Mission Congresses, 952, 955.
‘■Mississippi,” locomotive, 560.
Missouri, educational exhibits, 237-
8; agriculture, 354, 394; horti¬
culture, 433, 438, 442; forest prod¬
ucts, 452-3, 465; mining, etc.
476-7; fisheries, 540; live-stock
and horses, 620-1, 624, 628;
archaeology, 635; state building
and exhibits, 793-5; dedication
day, 795.
Mitchell, Col. J., president. Ark.
board, 796.
Mitchell, Maria, works etc. of, 277.
Mitchell, R. B., director of Midwin¬
ter Fair, 977.
Moberly, T. S., exhibit of short¬
horns etc., 620.
Model Kitchen, 286.
Modums Fishing Association, ex¬
hibits, 526-7.
Mohair, exhibit of, 368.
Moissan, M., electric cupola etc.,
4 J 5 -
Moline Plow Company,pavilion,387.
Monroe, Miss H., commemoration
ode, 89.
Montana, golden nail from, 266, 302;
exhibits in woman’s department,
274; agriculture, 360-1; fruits,
442; mining, 485-6; silver statue,
508; state building and exhibits,
829-30.
Monterey County, exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, 986.
Moorish Palace, 858.
Moors, H. J., manager of Samoan
village, 851.
Moral and Social Reform Congresses,
929.
Morrill, Senator, visit of, 971.
Morse, C. S., medal awarded to, 797.
Morse, S., telegraph instruments
etc. 423.
Mortisers, exhibits of, 326.
Morton, Vice-president, dedication
day etc. 89, 98, 396.
Mosaics, French, igi; Italian, 215;
Spanish, 215; Brazilian, 216; Ar¬
gentinian, 217; Japanese, 223; U.
S. 277.
Moscow, exposition at, 20.
Mount Holyoke College, exhibit,799.
Muckross Abbey, reproduction of,
837 -
Mulir, H. & Sons, exhibits, 156.
Munich, exposition at, 18.
Municipal Government Congress,
943 . 955 -
Murano Glass Factory, exhibits,841.
Murdock Engine, 551, 605-6.
Murphy, E., chief of fire depart¬
ment, 974.
Music, at Columbian Exposition, 84,
966-8; Midwinter Fair, 988.
Musical Congresses, 932-3.
Musical Instruments, exhibits of,
220, 231-3, 422.
Muskegon, refrigerators, 165.
N
Naples, expositions at, 22; bronzes,
712.
National Commission, organization,
functions, etc., 42, 44-5, 69-70.
National Grange, operations etc. of,
24.
National League of Good Roads,
exhibit, 397.
National Museum, exhibits, 107-11,
I 34 -
National Real Estate Association,
955 -
National Travellers’ Protective As-
' sociation, dedication of Mo. build¬
ing. 795-
National Wall Paper Company, ex¬
hibits, 163-4.
Natural History, exhibits in, 108-9,
651-3, 813-14, 817-19, 827-30, 914.
Naval Engineering Congress, 940.
Naval Exhibits, 62, 127-g, 135.
Naval Review and Parade, Colum¬
bian, 91-4, 98.
Neal, J. R. & Co., fisheries, 515-16.
Nebraska, agricultural exhibits, 347,
388, 393; forest products, 459-60;
state building and exhibits, 816.
Necklaces, exhibits of, 148.
Neff, J. H., director of Midwinter
Fair, 976.
Nelson, Gov. K., Norse dedication
day, gog.
Nets, Seines etc., exhibits of, 515 21,
525-8, 53177, 54 °-
Nevada, agricultural exhibits etc.,
359; mining, 488; fossils etc., 651;
exhibits at Midwinter Fair, 988.
New Bedford, fisheries exhibit etc.,
518-19.
New Brunswick, mineral exhibits,
492; fisheries, 529-32.
New Caledonia, ethnological speci¬
mens, 639.
New England, exhibits of manufact¬
ures, 156-60; education, 237; fish¬
eries, 509, 515-19, 542; fine arts,
673-4. 677-90.
New England Manufacturing Jewel¬
lers, collective exhibits of. 150.
New England Tobacco Growers’
Association, exhibit, 390.
New Hampshire, agricultural exhib¬
its. 355 - 6 , 3941 mining, 472; state
building and exhibits, 785-6; dedi¬
cation day, 786.
New Jersey, woman’s department,
264, 287; machinery, 325; agri¬
culture, 355, 390; horticulture,
43 i- 3 . 438 , 44 I_Z , 445 . 447 ’, forest
products, 455; mining etc., 472.
state building and exhibits, 777-8;
N. J. day, 778.
New Mexico, woman’s department,
274: agriculture, 360; horticult¬
ure, 446; milling, 487-8; territo¬
rial building and exhibits, 832.
New Orleans, expositions at, 27.
New Orleans Board of Trade, ex¬
hibits, 354.
Newsom, S., architect, Midwinter
Fair, 983.
New South Wales, manufactures
exhibits, 185-6; liberal arts, 246,
255; woman’s department, 276,
machinery, 338; agriculture, 365-
7; wines, 438; forest products;
438; mining, 493; fisheries, 523-
4; transportation, 565; ethnology,
639; fine arts, 728-9, 900; govern¬
ment building and contents, goo-i.
New York Central Railroad, exhibit
etc., 554-6, 606.
New York City, exposition at, 23;
naval review and parade, 91-4,
g8; manufactures exhibits, 171;
woman’s department, 278; ma¬
chinery, 312-16, 325-6; electrical
apparatus, 417-21; fish products
etc., 520; railroad supplies, 570;
fine arts, 674-90.
New York Condensed Milk Company,
exhibit, 389.
New York State, manufactures ex¬
hibits, 156, 159; educational, 235
-7; woman’s department, 272-3,
287-g; machinery, 325; agricult¬
ure, 353, 388, 393-4; horticulture,
43 I- 3, 438. 44r-9', forest products,
454-5; mining etc. 472, 503-8;
transportation, 591-2; horses and
live-stock, 619-25; charities and
correction, 649; natural' history,
651; fine arts, 677-90, 767-8; state
building and exhibits, 766-7; Man¬
hattan day, 771-4.
New Zealand, ethnological speci¬
mens, 639.
Nicaragua Canal, relief map and
models of, 588-9.
Nickel, exhibit of, 491.
Nijni Novgorod, fairs at, 20.
Nitrate of Soda, exhibit of, 497.
Non-magnetic Watch Company, 156.
Nordenfalk, Baroness, collection of
fans, 906.
Nordica, Mme., Me. dedication, 787.
North Carolina, agricultural exhibits,
353-4; forest products, 452-4;
mining, 477-8; fisheries, 521.
North Dakota, agricultural exhibits,
356; forest products, 459-60; nat¬
ural history, 814; state building and
exhibits, 813-14; N. D. day, 833.
North German Lloyd Steamship
Company, exhibit etc,, 5g6.
Northern California, exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, 986.
Northern Railway, exhibit, 568.
Northwestern University, 35.
Norway, exhibits of manufactures,
210—13; woman’s department. 280;
fisheries, 524-8; fine arts, 751-4;
government building, 909; cele¬
bration, gog.
Nova Scotia, exhibit of fruits, 443;
minerals, 492; fisheries, 529-32.
Nuggets, collection of, 506.
O
Odd-fellows’ Celebrations, 969.
Ohio, educational exhibits, Z37; agri¬
culture, 351, 388; wines, 438;
fruits, 442; forest products, 460;
Ohio—Continued,
mining etc., 474; fisheries, 540;
live-stock, 621-6; archaeology, 634
-5; charities and correction, 649-
50; state building and exhibits
810-11; celebration, 811.
Oils, exhibits of, 217, 382-3, 506-7.
Oklahoma, agricultural exhibits, 356;
territorial building, 832.
Old Colony Railroad, exhibit, 560.
Old Times Distillery Company, 397.
Old Vienna, reproduction of, 871-3.
Oliver Chilled Plow Works, 387
Olmsted, F. L., landscape art, 53.
Ontario, horticultural display, 434,
443; forest products, 461; mine¬
rals, 491-2; fisheries, 531; live¬
stock, 621; horses, 624; archae¬
ology, 634.
Onyx, exhibits of, 218.
Orange Free State, agricultural ex¬
hibits, 382.
Orchids, display of, 433.
Ordnance, exhibits of, 104-5, 121,
134, 216-19, 227-9, 600-1.
Oregon, educational exhibits, 238;
agricultural, 359; fruits, 442;
forest products, 460; mining, 481
-2; fisheries, 524; Midwinter Fair,
987-8.
Organs, exhibits of, 231-3.
Orvis, C. F., exhibit of flies, 134.
Ostrich Farm, at Columbian Expo¬
sition, 881; Midwinter Fair, gg2.
Ottawa, mineral exhibits, 491; fish¬
eries, 531.
Owens, J. E., medical director etc.,
80, 85, 974.
P
Pabst Brewing Company,exhibit,387.
Pacific Coast Steamship Company,
exhibit, 824.
Paints, exhibits of, 170-1, 184.
Pairpoint Manufacturing Company,
exhibits, 152.
Palladium, exhibit of, 483.
Palmer, P., gift for museum of wo¬
man’s work, 966.
Palmer, Mrs. P., president, board
of lady managers etc., 70, 89, 264
-6, 302, 922.
Palmer, T. W., president of national
commission etc., 70, 89, 833, 970-1.
Panghorn, J. G., secretary, Ameri¬
can exhibitors association, 604.
Paper, exhibits of, 219, 323, 375;
machinery for cutting etc. 325-6,
33 1 -
Paraguay, agricultural exhibits, 376
-7; forest products etc. 463; eth¬
nology, 637-9.
Paralta, M. M., Costa Rica day, 919.
Paris, exhibitions at, 13-18; exhib¬
its at Columbian Exposition, 568,
573 , 891.
Parliament of Religions, see Relig¬
ious Congresses.
Pastels, see Drawings.
Patents, government exhibits, 119-
20; woman’s department, 272.
Patents and Inventions Congress,
953 -
Paterson, N. J., silk exhibits, 159.
Pattison, Gov., Pa. day, 777.
Paul, H., premiums, 620.
Peabody & Stearns, architects of
Machinery hall, 65, 305.
Peninsular and Oriental Steamship
Company, exhibit, 594-5.
Pennsylvania, educational exhibits,
237, 291; machinery, 316, 326;
agriculture, 348-9, 393, 396; hor¬
ticulture, 431-3, 442, 447-9; forest
products, 460; mining etc. 471-2,
505-7; pisciculture, 537; cattle,
621; hygiene, charities, and cor¬
rection, 646-9; natural history,
651; fine arts, 677-go; state build¬
ing and exhibits, 774-6; Pa. day,
776-7.
Pennsylvania Railroad, 556-60.
Perley, Senator, commissioner for
B. C., 898.
Persia, manufactures, exhibits, 220;
agriculture, 379.
INDEX
999
Persian Palace, 863-4, 883.
Peru, fairs and expositions in, 23;
archaeological display, 636-7.
Petroleum, 471-4, 477, 486, 488,
492 - 5 -
Philadelphia, expositions at, 23-7;
woman’s department, 285; ma¬
chinery, 322-3, 387; electricity,
423; charities and correction, 649-
50; fine arts, 677-go, state build¬
ing, 774 -
Philosophical Congresses, 947.
Phonographs, exhibit of, 420.
Photography, 252.
Pianos, 231-3.
Piat, A. & Co., machinery, 337.
“ Pioneer,” locomotive, 560.
Pisciculture, 125, 523, 526-7, 531,
534 , 537 - 9 , 803.
Pittsburg, metallurgical exhibits,
5 ° 5 -
Pittsburg Locomotive Works, 561.
Police department. 79, 85.
Polish artists, society of, 760.
Poppen, U., premiums, 618.
Porcelains, 179-82: 188, 197-8, 203-
7, 213, 220-2, 763.
Porter, Gen. H., naval parade etc.
93 , 772 -
Porter, H. Iv. & Co., engines, 561.
Portland, Me., electrical apparatus,
417- . . ;
Porlo Rico, agricultural exhibits,
375 -
Portugal, wines, 439.
Post,. G. B., architect of Manufact¬
ures building, 65, 138.
Post-office, exhibits and service,
134 , 248.
Postage stamps, collections of, 114,
134, ^SS-
Pottery, 179-81, 188, 218-19, 263.
Poultry, exhibits, 625-8.
Power Plant, exposition, 309-12,
339 - 4 °-
Power Transmission, machinery for,
309-14; 329; 334-5.
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, exhibit,
303 -
Press Congresses, 923-5.
Princeton College, exhibits, 237, 256.
Printing Presses etc. 120, 324-6,
336 - 7 -
Providence, R. I., gymnastic appa¬
ratus etc., 646.
Psychological Congress, 947.
Publicity and Promotion, department
°f., 43 - 4 -
Publishing Firms, 247-8; 253-5.
Pullman, G. M., gift to Columbian
museum, g66.
Pullman Palace Car Company, ex¬
hibit etc. 551-4, 605.
Pumping Engines, 314-15.
Putnam, F. W., chief of Anthropo¬
logical department. 70, 633.
Q
Quarantine System, apparatus etc.
of, 649.
Quartermaster’s Department, exhib¬
it, 105-6.
■ Quebec, province, fruits, 443; forest
products, 461; minerals, 492: fish¬
eries, 531.
‘■Queen Empress,” locomotive with
cars, 562-3.
R
Radke, J., architect of German
building, 886.
Railroad Day, celebration, 605.
Railroad Supplies, exhibits of, 569-
7 °-
Railroads, their developement and
exhibits, U. S., 549-61; British,
561-4; Canadian, 564-5; Aus¬
tralian, 565; German, 565-7;
French, 567-8; Austrian, 568;
Mexican, 568-9.
Rampur, visit of rawab, 971.
Rand, McNally & Co., railroad ticket
office etc. 569.
Randolph & Clewes, pavilion, 503.
Real Estate Congress. 955
Refrigerators etc. 165, 316, 328.
Rehan, Ada, silver statue of, 486, 508.
Reichstag, reproduction of, 197.
Religious Congresses, 76, 948-53.
Remington Rifles, exhibit of, 166.
Representative Woman’s Congress,
922-3.
Restaurants and Cafes, 80-1.
Revolvers, exhibits of, 167.
Reynolds, Gov. R. J., Deb. day, 791.
Rhode Island, manufactures exhib¬
its, 160; fisheries, 519-20; state
building and exhibits, 780; R. I.
day, 782.
Rhode Island Locomotive Works,
exhibit, 561.
Rice, Col. E., in charge of Columbian
guards etc., 80, 84.
Rich, Gov. J. T., Mich, dedication
day, 833.
Richards, H. B., cattle, 621.
Richards, Mrs., Ut. day, 833.
Richmond Locomotive Works, 561.
Rickards, Mrs. T. E., Mont, board,
829.
Rifles, 104-5, 121-2, 165-7.
Rio de Janeiro, exhibition at, 27.
Riverside Count}-, exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, 985.
Road-making, machines and speci¬
mens, 339, 397.
Robbins, J. G. & Son, premiums
etc. 620-1.
Rochester Lamp Company, 163.
“Rocket” locomotive. 551, 561.
Rogers Locomotive Works, exhibit,
561.
Rome, ancient fairs of, 6.
Root, J. W., bureau of construc¬
tion, 64.
Rose Garnet, 498-9, 508.
Rugs, 218, 220, 379.
Russell, Gov., dedication parade,87.
Russell, J. & W., prize for short¬
horns, 620.
Russell Company, leaching pro¬
cesses, 504.
Russia, fairs and expositions in, 20;
participation in naval review, gi—
4, 98; manufactures display, 209;
liberal arts, 248-50; 255; woman’s
department, 276-7; machinery,
337—8; agriculture, 372-3, 383;
wines and fruits, 438-9; forest
products, 462; mining, 496; fish¬
eries, 534-5; transportation, 575-
98; fine arts, 754-60; horses, 610,
628.
Rust, H. N., archaeological collec¬
tion, 635.
Ryan, Archbishop, address on edu¬
cational day, 968.
Ryan, Mrs. R., Tex. board, 800.
S
Saddlery, exhibit of, 216, 580.
Safford, Mrs. P., at 4th of July cele¬
bration, 968.
St Bartholomew, fair of, 8.
St Clair, J. W., council of adminis¬
tration, 46.
St Denis, fairs at, 7-8.
St Giles’ Fair, description of, 8.
St Louis parlor, 794.
St Louis Bridge, model of, 354.
St Peter’s, model etc. of, 870-1.
St Petersburg, expositions at, 20.
Salisbury, Duchess of, member of
English committee, 72.
Samoan Village, 849-51.
Samuels, J. M., chief of Horticult¬
ural department etc., 447, 800,954.
San Bernardino County, exhibits at
Midwinter Fair, 985.
San Diego County, fisheries display,
523-4; exhibits in Cal. building,
822; at Midwinter Fair, 986.
San Francisco, exhibits in Cal. build¬
ing, 822-4; in Midwinter Fair
975 - 92 .
San Joaquin County,exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, 986.
San Mateo County, exhibits at Mid¬
winter Fair, g86.
Sander, C. P., at odd-fellows' cele¬
bration, 969.
Santa Barbara County, exhibits in
Cal. building, 821-2; at Midwin¬
ter Fair, 986, 992.
Santa Clara County, exhibit in Cal.
building, 822; at Midwinter Fair,
986.
Sargent, F., department engineer,
65 -
Sartain, Emily, decorator of Pa.
building, 774.
Saws and Sawing Machines, 185,
327. 329., 338 .
Saw-mills, models of, 329, 339.
Scenic Railway, 990.
Scenic Theatre, 840.
Schenck, M. V., relief map etc., 591.
Schenectady Locomotive Works, 555,
561.
Schichau, F., engine etc. 565.
Schmidt, C. B., manager, German
village, 863.
Schuckert & Co., search-lights, 414.
Schurtz, C., German day, 890.
Schwab, C. H., council of adminis¬
tration etc., 46, 771.
Scientific Instruments, 243, 252-3.
Scientific Congresses, 746-7.
Scotland, see Great Britain.
Scott, I. M., Cal. commissioner, 969.
Scribner Sons, exhibit of, 253-4.
Sculpture, see Statuary.
Search-lights; 60, 401-2, 990.
Seeberger, A. F., treasurer, 832.
Seeds, exhibits of, 382, 445.
Self-winding Clock Company, 155-6.
Seneca Falls, fire engines, 316.
Sewing Machines, 120, 323.
Shainwald, H., Midwinter Fair, 977.
Shanks, Lord-mayor J., visit etc. of,
883, 896, 919, 971.
Sheep, 613-14, 621-3.
Shinn, J. H., educational exhibit,
796.
Shoe and Leather Exhibit, 225-6.
Shortbridge, Gov., N. D. day, 833.
Short-horns, 395-6.
Siam, manufactures, 219-20; wom¬
an’s department, 280; agriculture,
382; forest products etc., 464.
Siberia, fairs in, 20.
Siemens & Halske, electrical ex¬
hibits etc. 414, 565-7.
Silks and Silken P'abrics, U. S. ex¬
hibits etc., 158-9, 318-21, 349, 354,
357; British, 183; French, 193-4;
German, 201; Russian, 2og; Span¬
ish, 215; Bulgarian, 219; Corean,
219; Siamese, 220; Chinese, 220—1,
Japanese, 223, 279; Grecian, 373;
Brazilian, 376.
Silver and Silver Ores, 474-88,
491-8.
Silver Ware, 147-53, I 82, 186-91,
197, 205, 209, 213, 230.
Sioux City Corn Palace, 277—8.*
Skiff, F. J. V., chief of Mining
department, 474.
Skillings, W. P., architect, Wash,
building, 826.
Slauson, E. J., director of Midwin¬
ter Fair, 977.
Smalley, B. B., Vt. day, 785.
Smith, A. L., president, Wis. board,
812.
Smith, E. E., Midwinter Fair, 983.
Smith, Gov., N. H. dedication,
786.
Smith, W. A., chief of Transporta¬
tion department, 546.
Smith & Wesson, firearms, 167.
Smithsonian Institution, exhibits,
107-11, 271-2.
Snowdon, Gen., dedication, 87.
Snow Ploughs, specimens of, 570.
Soap, exhibits of, 168, 388-9.
Social Purity Congress, 926.
Sousa’s Band, 967.
South Carolina, mining exhibit, 478.
South Dakota, agricultural exhibits,
356; mining, 477, 503; state build¬
ing and exhibits, 814.
Southern California, exhibits at
Midwinter Fair, 985-6.
Southern Lumber Manufacturers’
Association, exhibit, 452.
Souvenir Coins, 47, 51.
Spain, fairs and expositions in, 22;
participation in naval review, gi-
3, g8; manufactures exhibits, 215;
woman’s department, 278, 287;
machinery, 338; agriculture, 375:
wines, 435, 439; forest products,
463; minerals, 497; marine, 599;
fine arts, 6g4, 715-17; government
building and contents, 910-12.
Spalding, Bishop, Catholic educa¬
tional exhibit, 238, 968.
Spinning Machines, 120.
Sponges, 535-6, 539.
Standard Oil Company, 506-7.
Stanford, L., exhibit of wines, 437.
Stanton, J. A., Midwinter Fair, 983.
State Department, 102-3, 134.
Statuary and Sculpture (see also
Fine Arts), administration depart¬
ment, 132-3; manufactures, 137-
8, 146, igo, 194-8, 207, 209, 213-
14, 222, 238; woman’s, 260-4, 2 73
-4, 288, 296; machinery, 307;
agriculture, 341-3; electricity, 403
-4: horticulture, 430; mining, 486;
transportation, 545; anthropology,
633 - 636.
Steinert, L., collection of musical
instruments, 231-2.
Stericker Bros., premiums, 617.
Stevenson, Vice-president, visit etc.
of, 783, 968.
Stevenson & Howell, exhibits, 184.
Stokes Manufacturing Company,
bicycles etc., 581-2.
Stollwerck Bros., chocolate pavilion,
371-2.
Stone, Gov., speech, Mo. day, 795.
Stonebraker, J. M., prize, 623.
“Stonebridge Lion, ’’locomotive, 551.
Stoves, exhibits of, 164-5, 200.
Strong, Mrs., pampas palace, 833.
Studebaker Bros., vehicles, 572.
Stumm Pavilion, 489.
Stump, I. C., vice-president, Mid¬
winter Fair, 977.
Sturges, Mrs., gift to Columbian
museum, 966.
Sugar and Sugar-cane, 346, 351-6,
36°, 367, 369, 375-6, 816.
Sullivan, L. H., architect of Trans¬
portation building, 65.
Sunday Rest Congress, 953.
Swain, E-. R., Midwinter Fair, 984.
Sweden, exhibits in woman’s de¬
partment, 280, 287; machinery,
338; agriculture, 375; fine arts,
694, 749-51; government building
and contents, 903-8; Swedish day,
908.
Sweet, C. A., premium, 621.
Swift & Co., food products etc. 382,
624.
Swine, exhibits etc. of, 623.
Switch Boards, 413.
Switzerland, exhibits of manufact¬
ures, 214; machinery, 339; fine
arts, 764, 853-4.
Sydney, expositions at, 27-8; views
of, 185, 246; fisheries exhibit, 532
-4; transportation, 565; fine arts,
728-g, goo.
Svlhet Tea Gardens, exhibit, 364.
T
Tacoma, photographs of, 827.
Taft, L., statuary by, 296, 430.
Taft & Co., prize awarded to,
623.
Tapestries, 187, 215, 223, 275-9;
286, 379.
Tasse, Senator, Canadian commis¬
sioner etc., 898, 900.
Taussig, Capt., commander of the
“Illinois,” 135.
Taxidermy, display of, 211,365. 367,
378, 651-2, 813-14, 817-19, 827,
829-3°, 9 I 4 -
Tea, 368, 376-7, 388, 903.
Telautograph, exhibit of, 4ig.
Telegraph Systems and Apparatus,
120, 414-16, 423-4.
Telephone Systems and Apparatus,
120, 411-15, 423.
Tellery & Co., art work, 901-2.
Temperance Congresses, 926-9,
IOOO
INDEX
Tennessee, mining exhibits, 478;
horses, 624.
Tesla, N., electric motors etc. 409,
425 -
Texas, horticultural display, 433,
446; state building and exhibits,
796-7; Tex. day, 797.
Thacher, J. B., chairman of com¬
mittee on awards, 965, 974.
Thacher, Mrs. J. B., collection of,
287.
Thames Iron-works and Ship build¬
ing Company, models, 593.
Thatcher, S. O., Kan. day, 833.
Thomas, T., musical director, 70,
84, 967.
Thompson, E. H., reproduction of
Yucatan ruins, 636.
Thornton, C. S., odd-fellows’ cele-
bi'ation, g6g.
Thorpe, J., superintendent of flori-
cultural bureau, 447.
Thorwaldsen Relics, 213.
Tickets, Exposition, 973-4.
Tiffany & Co., pavilion and exhibits,
.i45-5<\
Tin and Tin Ores, 477, 486, 493, 503.
Tobacco and Cigars, 346, 351-5,
364-8, 372, 375 - 7 . 3 8 9-90.
Tobin, Mrs., Tex. board etc., 796-7.
Tomlins, W. L., director of choral
department ‘etc., 70, 967.
Tonkin Building, 918.
Toso, F., wood carvings etc. 215.
Traffic Department, 78-9.
Travelling Cranes, 3T4.
Transportation Department, build¬
ing and decorations, 59-60, 544-6;
scope and arrangement, 543-7;
U. S. exhibits, 547-6T, 571-3,
58 i- 93 . 599-607; British, 561-4,
573 . 577 - 9 . 593—51 Canadian, 564-
5 . 573 , 596 ; Australian, 565; Ger¬
man, 565-7, 575, 596-7; French,
567-8, 574 - 5 , 597 - 8 ; Austrian,
568; Mexican, 568-9; Russian,
575; Brazilian, 577; Cingalese,
579; Japanese, 580; Dutch, 598;
Cape Colony, 598; Spanish, 599.
Transportation Day, celebration,
604-5.
Treasury Department, exhibits, m
-13, 302.
Trenton, manufactures exhibits,
167; machinery, 316.
Trevithick Engines, reproduction of,
551 -
Tricycles, display of, 578, 581.
Trinidad, agricultural exhibits, etc.
375; forest products, 464; live¬
stock, 627.
Trocadero collection, 696.
Troyes, ancient fairs at, 12.
Tucker, B. D., ode, Va. day, 790.
Tucker, H., chief of admissions de¬
partment. 973.
Turin, exposition at, 20-22.
Turkey, fairs in, 20; government
building and contents etc., gog-io.
Turkish Compassion Fund, 277.
Turkish Village, 855.
Turner, Ida L., Tex. day, 797.
Turners Union, 627, 970.
Type-foundries, apparatus, 325.
Type-setting Machines, 325.
Type-writing Machines, 120.
Tyrol, exhibits in transportation de¬
partment, 575.
U
Underwood, J. C.. odd-fellows cele¬
bration, 969.
Uniforms, government display. 106;
Brazilian, 216; merchant tailors’,
227.
Union Iron-works, exhibit, 588.
United Alkali Company, 184.
United States, fairs and expositions.
8, 23-8; participation in foreign
expositions, 10-11, 1.6-17; naval
review, 91-4, 98; government ex-
United States—Continued,
hibits, 99-129; manufactures, 142-
77; liberal arts, 231-41; woman’s
department, 262-74, 277-8, 283-
303; machinery etc., 308-28; agri¬
culture, 344-62, 382-97; eleetri-
city, 406-13, 417-25; horticulture,
430-50; forestry, 450-60, 464-5;
mining and metallurgy, 468-88,
500-8; fisheries and pisciculture,
512-24, 537-42; transportation,
547 - 61 , 571 3, 581-93, 599-607;
live-stock, 609-28; anthropology
and ethnology, 629-35, 639-53,
662-3; fine arts, 671-90, 764; state
buildings and exhibits, 765-833;
Midway plaisance, 835-6, 840-3,
868-70; 881-3; congresses; 921-55;
Midwinter exposition, 975-92.
United States Potters’ Association,
exhibit, 169.
Universities, exhibits etc. of, U. S.,
34-5, 235-7, 256, 817-19, 991;
German, 241.
Uruguay, agricultural exhibits, 377.
Utah, agricultural exhibits etc. 359-
60; forest products, 460; mining,
485; metellurgical, 504; territorial
building and exhibits, 831-2; Ut.
day, 833.
V
Vaill, J. H., manager, Conn, exhibit,
779 -
Van Brunt, H., architect of Electric¬
ity building, 65, 403.
Vanderbilt, C., visit etc., of, 971.
Van Meter, Miss A. H., services to
woman’s department, 264.
Van Natta, W. S., prize for Here-
fords, 620.
Van Volson Bros., premiums, 617.
Varnishes, 170-1, 184.
Vases, British exhibits, 181-2; Hin-
dostan, 186; French, 188, 191;
Bohemian, 203; Belgian, 207;
Russian, 209; Danish, 213; Chi¬
nese, 221; Japanese, 222-3, 763-4.
Vatican Exhibit, 662.
Vaughan, J. C., exhibit of seeds, 445.
Vegetables, 348-61, 369, 445.
Vehicles, 571-81.
Velasquez, Seiior, La Rabida mon¬
astery restored by, 654.
Venetian Glass Works, exhibit, 841.
Venezuela, fine arts, 718, 915-17;
government building and con¬
tents, 915-17; inaugural day, gi9
-20.
Ventura County, exhibits, Cal. build¬
ing, 822; Midwinter Fair, 985.
Vera Cruz, fairs at, 22.
Veragua, Duke of, visit 94.
Vermont, mining exhibits, 472; live¬
stock, 621, 628; state building and
contents, 783; Vt. day, 785.
Vessels, Columbian caiavels, 582-3;
Viking ship, 583-5; U. S. exhibits,
585-93; British, 593-5; Canadian,
596; German, 596-7; French, 597
-8; Russian, 598; Japanese, 599;
Spanish, 599.
Victoria House, 892-4.
“Victoria,” iron-clad, model, 593-4.
Vienna, exposition at, 18—19; manu¬
factures exhibits, 205.
Vienna Prater, at Midwinter Fair,
990.
“Viking Ship,” voyage and descrip¬
tion of, 583-5.
Violins, exhibits of, 231-2.
Virchow, R., pathological exhibit
etc. 243, 863.
Virginia, agricultural exhibits, 354;
wines, 438; forest products, 459;
mining etc., 478; state building and
exhibits, 787-90; Va. day, 790.
Von Moltke, mementos of, 888.
W
Wagner, Mrs. M. M., 4th of July
celebration, 968.
Waifs’ Saving Congress, 955.
Wait, Mrs. F. E., Cal. commissioner
etc., 263.
Wales, see Great Britain.
Walker, F. A., Mass, day, 783.
Wall Papers, 163-4, 2r6.
Walnuts, 445-6.
Waltham Watch Company, 153-5.
War Department, U. S. exhibits,
103-7, I 34 > Russian, 248.
Ward Natural Science Establish¬
ment, 469-71, 506, 651.
Warren Chemical and Manufactur¬
ing Company, exhibit, 508.
Washburne, Mayor, dedication cer-
monies, 8g.
Washington City, fair in, 23.
Washington Relics, 102, in, 891.
Washington State, agricultural ex¬
hibits, 359; fruits, 442; forest
products, 452-3; mining, 482;
fisheries etc. 524; state building
and exhibits, 826-7.
Watches, historic collection and ex¬
hibits of, 153-6, 182, 197, 214.
Waterburv Watch Company, pavil¬
ion and exhibits, 155.
Watterson, H., dedicatory oration,
8 9 -
Waukesha Hygeia Company, exhibit
etc. 316, 397.
Wax, exhibits of, 388.
Weapons, collections of, 104-5, 121
-2, 217.
Weather Bureau, system and appa¬
ratus, 129.
Webster, Sir R. E., visit etc. of,
. 918-19.
Welles, Lieut. R., ethnological col¬
lection, 637.
Wellington Hotel Company, conces¬
sion etc., 974.
Wells, J. M., Id. board, 828.
Wells, Fargo & Co., historic collec¬
tion, 824.
Wendt, C., mining exhibit, 503.
Wermuth, A., German commissioner
etc., 888-go.
Wertz, Gov., speech, N. J. day,
778 -
West, Gov. C., speech, Ut. day etc.,
833 . 971 -
West Virginia, agricultural exhibits,
354; forest products, 452-3; min¬
ing, 477; state building and ex¬
hibits, 7go-i; celebration, 791.
Western Electric Company, exhib¬
its, 409-11.
Westerm Railway, exhibit, 568.
Western Union Telegraph Company,
exhibits etc., 423-4.
Western Wheel Works,bicycles etc.,
581.
Westinghouse Air Brake Company,
exhibit, 570.
Westinghouse Electric Company,
exhibits, 312, 407-8; Exposition
plant, 339.
Weston, I. M., president, Mich,
board etc., 833.
Westwood & Winby, locomotive,
564 -
Wheat, see Cereals.
Wheeler, Mrs. C., decorations by
etc., 261, 289-90.
Wheeler, Dora W., decorative paint¬
ings, 262.
Whiskey, Brandy etc. see Liquors,
alcoholic.
White Horse Inn, 918-19.
White House, exhibits from the, 102.
White, P., Lady Aberdeen’s village,
837 -
White, Mrs. P., Lady Aberdeen’s
village, 837, 919.
White Star Steamship Line, pavil¬
ion and exhibits, 604.
Whitehouse, F. M., Exposition
architect, 65.
Wild East Show, see Bedouin Camp.
Wildman, R., Johore bungalow, 851.
Wilkinson, Miss, dedication ode,
265.
Williams, A., R. I. day, 782.
Williamson, Mrs. B., decorations,
264.
Willits, E., collection of, 125.
Windmills, display of, 397.
Windsor Castle, model ol, 184.
Wines, Bulgarian, 219; Cape Colony,
368; Spanish, 375; Brazilian, 376;
Argentinian, 376; German, 434-
5; Spanish, 435, 439; French,
435 . 439 ; Californian, 435-8;
Eastern, 438-9; Australian, 438;
Hungarian, 438; Russian, 438;
Japanese, 439; Italian, 439; Gre¬
cian, 439; Portuguese, 439.
Winnebago Indian village, 881.
Wire Goods, exhibits of, 167.
Wisconsin, agricultural exhibits,
34 8 . 388, 390, 394; fruits, 441-2;
forest products etc., 452-3; min¬
ing, 475; pisciculture, 537-9; live¬
stock, 623; archaeology, 635; state
building and exhibits, 811-12.
Wisconsin Historical Society, eth¬
nological collection etc., 640, 812.
Woman's Christian Temperance
Union, exhibit etc. of, 284.
Woman’s Department, building and
decorations, 60, 257-65; scope
and purposes, 257, 266-9; U. S.
exhibits, 262-74, 277-8, 283-303;
dedication, 265-6; congressional
action, 267; French exhibits, 274,
279, 287; Danish, 274; British,
275-6, 287-8; Russian. 276-7;
Spanish, 278, 287; Italian, 278-
9 , 303; Japanese, 279; Siamese,
280; Swedish, 280, 287; Norwe¬
gian, 280; Cape Colony, 280; Mex¬
ican, 280-2; Cingalese, 282; Bra¬
zilian, 282; Belgian, 282; Austrian,
282; German, 282-3; children’s
home, 291-300.
Woman’s Silk Culture Association,
exhibit, 349,
Wood, Sir H. T., secretary of Brit¬
ish commission etc., 894-5, 9 I 9-
Wood-carvings, 211, 214-15, 220-3,
263, 764, 902.
Wood-working Machinery, 326-7,
329-30, 338.
Wooded Island, 55-6, 448-9.
Wooden Ware, exhibits of, 456.
Woodruff, W., Ut. day, 833.
Woodside, J. W., Pa. day, 777.
Wool, exhibits etc. of, 366 -8, 375—7,
388.
Woolen Fabrics, U. S. exhibits etc.
159-61; British, 183; French, 193
-4; German, 201; Russian, 2og.
Worcester, Mass., cutlery, 165;
looms etc. 330-2.
Worcester Royal Porcelain Company,
exhibits, 181.
World’s Columbian Exposition, cor¬
poration, functions and regula¬
tions, 69-70.
World’s Fair Steamship Company,
traffic etc., 603.
Wright, C., pomological bureau,
447 -
Wyoming, agricultural exhibits, 360:
mining, 488.
Y
Yale University, exhibits of, 237.
Yeaman, P., Mo. day, 795.
Yerkes Telescope, 252-3, 255.
Young Woman’s Christian Associa¬
tion, exhibits etc., 284.
Yucatan Ruins, reproduction of,
636, 662.
Z
Z aremba, C., suggestions for exposi¬
tion, 36.
Zinc., 475-8, 485, 492.
Zithers, exhibits of, 231.
Zoopraxiscopic Hall, 863/ 1
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